Fires Caused By Spontaneous Combustion Or Chemical Reaction
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| Author | : Ben Evarts |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 89 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Combustion, Spontaneous |
| ISBN | : |
Fires caused by spontaneous combustion or chemical reaction accounted for an estimated average of 14,070 reported years between 2005 and 2009. These included 3,200 structure fires, 1,150 vehicle fires, 5,250 outside non-trash and unclassified fires, and 4,460 outside trash or rubbish fires. The most common occupancy types for structure fires were residential (50% of fires), storage (12%) mercantile or business (9%) and manufacturing or processing (9%). Half of the vehicle fires (50%) started by spontaneous combustion or chemical reaction occurred in passenger vehicles, and 16% in road freight or transportation vehicles. More than one-third of vehicle fires began in the trunk or cargo area. Unclassified organic materials were the most common item first ignited in outside and unclassified fires (excluding outside trash or rubbish fires) (28%), followed by light vegetation including grass (26%). In outside trash or rubbish fires, wood chips, sawdust, or shavings were the type of material first ignited in 13% of fires. These estimates are based on data from the U.S. Fire Administration's (USFA's) National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) and the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA's) annual fire department experience survey.
| Author | : Alvin Romaine Lamb |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 12 |
| Release | : 1917 |
| Genre | : Combustion, Spontaneous |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Wyatt A. PAPWORTH |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 40 |
| Release | : 1855 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Craig Boutland |
| Publisher | : Lerner Publications ™ |
| Total Pages | : 32 |
| Release | : 2019-08-01 |
| Genre | : Juvenile Nonfiction |
| ISBN | : 154157124X |
This book explores the phenomenon of spontaneous human combustion—what can we learn about it through historical documentation and the theories surrounding it? Captivate readers with this deep dive into a spooky, high-interest topic.
| Author | : John Bond |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 165 |
| Release | : 2017-01-31 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1483161250 |
Sources of Ignition: Flammability Characteristics of Chemicals and Products describes the flammability characteristics of substances and deals with the different sources of ignition. Case histories are presented for review and analysis. The book is comprised of six chapters and seven appendices. The introduction gives a basic description of the anatomy of fire and explosions, including the access to fuel and the interaction of oxygen and fuel. A description of the flammable limits of gases, dusts, mists, and mixtures and the method of estimating these follow. The text also explains the flash point of a substance and the method of calculating it, using citations from Fuji and Hermann. The ignition energy of a chemical, as well as how to estimate it using the method of Calcote et al., is also presented. The book explains that autoignition temperature of gases is dependent on different factors, such as time delay, oxygen concentration, and catalyst effects of materials, but may still be estimated citing Zabetakis, 1965 as reference. The formula is given in more detail. Finally, the energy sources for ignition are enumerated as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical. The appendices deal with chemicals, self-heating substances, organic peroxides, substances prone to spontaneous combustions, unstable substances, flammability characteristics of dusts, and a checklist of possible sources of ignition. This book is beneficial to fire safety engineers, firemen, fire prevention maintenance administrators, fire hazard officers, and other personnel whose line of work is in fire safety and prevention.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 12 |
| Release | : 1982 |
| Genre | : Fire extinction |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : William B. Rice |
| Publisher | : Teacher Created Materials |
| Total Pages | : 34 |
| Release | : 2009-08-01 |
| Genre | : Juvenile Nonfiction |
| ISBN | : 1433392992 |
Perhaps nothing is more frightening than seeing a forest fire rage out of control. Sometimes, however, fires are set intentionally to benefit the environment. Readers will learn not only what fire is and how it burns, they also learn how fires can both help and harm the areas they affect.
| Author | : Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 493 |
| Release | : 2013-10-22 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 081551719X |
The handbook provides ready information on the fire and chemical reactivity of commonly used chemicals. Its purpose is to provide basic information important to the safe handling of chemicals and to help provide guidance in responding to a hazardous materials incident, in particular, incidents involving reactive chemicals and materials posing fire and explosion hazards. The volume has been written for chemical handling specialists, first responders to hazardous materials incidents, and firefighters. The basic definition used for a hazard materials incident is any situation that may potentially lead to catastrophic fire or explosion, and or human exposed to a toxic chemical. This situation may result from a spill of a hazardous material, a leak from a storage vessel or shipping container, or the mixing of incompatible chemicals whereby a chemical reaction could occur resulting in the release of energy and generation of toxic and perhaps flammable by-products. The volume provides chemical specific information, providing the reader with rigorous information on the chemical of interest.This book is a compendium of chemical specific fire and chemical reactivity data and information. More than 1,000 chemicals have been researched and organized into a reference handbook for fire specialists, chemical handling specialists, and plant safety engineers. The specific information provided for chemicals includes the flammability characteristics, recommended fire extinguishing practices, fire extinguishing agents not to be used, behavior in fires, burning characteristics, chemical reactivity with regard to water and common materials, incompatible chemical mixtures, containment and neutralization methods for spills. This reference book has been designed as a data bank for the hazardous materials handling specialist and industrial safety managers dealing with large chemical inventories. It is intended to be used by fire and loss prevention specialists and as a basis for developing procedures for safe storing and handling of chemicals. The authors have included an extensive physical properties section on chemicals, with information most pertinent to fire response situations.
| Author | : Shadi Y. Moqbel |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 0 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
However, combustible mixture of methane and oxygen requires very high temperature to ignite. In this study it was shown that spontaneous fires are initiated by solid materials with lower ignition points. Laboratory tests were conducted evaluating the effect of moisture content, oxygen concentration and leachate on spontaneous ignition of solid waste. A new procedure for testing spontaneous ignition is described based on the crossing-point method. The procedure was used to study the spontaneous combustion of solid waste and determine the auto-ignition temperature of the solid waste components and a synthesized solid waste. Correlations have been established between auto-ignition temperature, specific weight and energy content and between self-heating temperature and specific weight. Correlations indicated that compaction can help avoid spontaneous combustion in the landfill. Dense materials require higher energy to increase in temperature and limit the accessibility of oxygen. In the experimental work, moisture was found to promote both biological and chemical self-heating. Increasing moisture content lowers the solid waste permeability and absorbs more energy as it evaporates. Dissolved solids in leachate were found to promote self-heating and ignition more than distilled water. Varying oxygen concentrations indicated that heat generation occurs due to chemical oxidation even at oxygen concentration as low as 10% by volume. However, at 10% by volume oxygen, solid waste did not exhibit thermal runaway nor flammable combustion. At 0% by volume oxygen, tests results indicated occurrence of self-heating due to slow pyrolysis. A numerical one-dimensional energy model was created to simulate temperature rise in landfill for four different scenarios. Using the results from the laboratory experiment, the model estimated the heat generation in solid waste due to chemical reactions. Results from the scenario simulations indicated that moisture evaporation is the major heat sink in the landfill. The model showed that gas flow has a cooling effect due to increasing amount of evaporated water and can control the temperature inside the landfill. The model showed that a temperature higher than the biological limit can be maintained in the landfill without initiating spontaneous fire.
| Author | : Alvin Silverstein |
| Publisher | : Enslow Publishing, LLC |
| Total Pages | : 52 |
| Release | : 2009-07-01 |
| Genre | : Juvenile Nonfiction |
| ISBN | : 9780766029736 |
"Examines the science behind wildfires, including what causes them, the different types of wildfires, their devastating effects, and how to stay safe during a wildfire"--Provided by publisher.
