The term 'adjustment' relates to the use of policy instruments to effect structural changes in the economic environment, in order to help facilitate growth promotion through improvements in productivity and market competition. This publication examines the reallocation of labour and capital to achieve more efficient use of new sources of competition, technological change and shifting consumer preferences, whilst limiting adjustment costs for individuals, communities and society as a whole. Based on specific sectoral case studies, it includes analysis of the adjustment challenge and policy framework in both developed and developing countries, together with practical recommendations for good practice.