For beings pervading the limits of the sky, May I engage in as befitting a service. That I may duly accomplish my extensive prayer, O master Yuthok, may I become as great as you were! PREFACE Natural medicinal substances are indispensable sources for treating diseases as well as benefiting the physical health of human society. As early as the period around the 3rd century A.D., the use of natural medicinal substances in treating diseases like bleeding, wounds, etc. became widespread. Gradually, innumerable scholars came into being, out of which emerged Yuthok Nyingma Yonten Gonpo (706-832 AD), who is regarded as Tibet’s greatest physician. He had served as the personal physician to the king Choegyal-Me-Ook-Tsom, and compiled and wrote rGyud-bzhi or The Four Tantras (the fundamental texts of Tibetan medicine) around the 8th century AD. In the second tantra, The Explanatory Tantra, medicinal substances are revealed in the chapter, ‘The efficacy of Medicinal Substances.’ The period of 1654 to 1705 saw Tibetan medicine vividly illustrated through means of traditional Tibetan paintings by one of the greatest physicians cum astrologers, Desi-Sangey-Gyatso. The paintings also depicted how to correctly identify Tibetan medicinal substances; today it continues to serve as an important source of reference for both students and researchers. A total of 79 medicinal paintings were composed, creating a history through which the art of traditional Tibetan paintings are kept alive which has been a great accomplishment. Within the field of Materia-Medica, the study, collection, and process of turning natural recources into medicines, a major historical figure is the great scholar Deu-Mar-Geshe-Tenzin Phuntsok, born in 1673. He wrote extensively on the classifications, potencies and synonyms of more than 900 medicinal substances, which have more than one thousand subcategories or varieties, in a book called Shel Gong Shel Phreng. Not only did his book receive much admiration from scholars residing inside and outside of Tibet (for which we all Tibetans take pride in), his book has been considered one of the most important text that sets the standards for materia-medica. In the year 1883, the great scholar Khenrab Norbu was born, who was the personal physician to His Holiness the 13th Dalai Lama and was highly learned in both Tibetan medicine as well as astrology. He wrote and compiled two concise books on herbs and Khrog sman (raw and dry medicinal substances like herbs, minerals, etc., which makes a distinct sound “Khrog” when they are hit against each other), in which he included many new medicinal substances. Both books didn’t mention medicinal substances’ tastes, potencies, etc. However, referring to the teachings of some masters, there seemed to exist an elaborate book on medicinal substances where detailed explanations were indeed given on those subjects. That said, the book somehow got lost at some point and could not be retrieved. In brief, the identification and research on traditional Tibetan medicinal substances gained foothold to a great extent after 708 AD. All the works before then were made available in the commentaries written by the grateful and highly learned scholars whose names are aforementioned. For example, their commentaries, while based upon their own points of view, not only included the taste, potency and uses of medicinal substances of the high altitude regions of Tibet, various regions of India, China and neighbouring countries they also had mentions of numerous medicinal substances which have no habitat or resources in Tibet. The science of Tibetan Materia-Medica is so vast that all the potencies of specific medicinal substances were already finalized long before the dawn of the highly sophisticated scientific devices of the modern period. The Tibetan medical system explains that various factors like taste and potency of medicinal substances, and the nature of elements are involved in the formation of any substance. Besides this, the formation of taste and potency as well as how the potency of certain medicinal substances is able to cure the specific nature of diseases are explained, forming a scholarly documentation. While the scientists came to discover the potency of turmeric only recently, Tibetan medicine had already mentioned its potency hundreds of years ago. Hence, the potency of specific medicinal substances and their Medicinal uses for specific diseases mentioned in the Materia-Medica of the Tibetan medical system not only proves this as a standard treatise, but this knowledge of medicinal compounding which is now almost three thousand years old has evidence to show its ability to be greater in curing numerous chronic diseases as compared to other medical systems. In modern times, there has been widespread growing interest in natural medicinal substances. Many countries in the West have benefited greatly from Tibetan medicine for growing numbers of disorders like rlung disorder, nerve disorder and various gynaecological disorders. But the lack of awareness between scientists and practitioners of traditional Eastern medicine and the ban on natural medicinal substances being imposed by international laws has hampered the practice and growth of Tibetan medicine. Therefore, we need to find a solution to these obstacles from both sides of the debate: scientists and Tibetan medical experts. It is important that the potency of specific Tibetan medicinal substances be proven through scientific methods so that some medicinal substances could be approved for widespread use under international law. Creating awareness between the Tibetan medical community and scientists will not only bring advantages; the patient will also face less difficulty in choosing the system of medicine that would best suit their needs. In brief, my primary aim for writing this book is to introduce herbs without any faults to practitioners of Tibetan medicine from Tibet, the Himalayan regions and particularly to those who work in compounding medicinal substances. I also wrote this book to introduce correct identifications of herbs to fulfill the needs of researchers working on Tibetan Materia-Medica. All the medicinal substances growing in high altitudes mentioned in this book have been introduced to me by highly learned masters while I was studying Tibetan medicine at the medical college in Tibet. Based upon those masters’ teachings, I analyzed all the medicinal herbs which were successfully explored in and around the Himalayan mountains, which I have introduced here. Likewise, all the low altitude growing medicinal substances which have been identified in Tibetan medicine were successfully found in respected regions in the presence of an Ayurvedic doctor. Hence, putting aside all my strengths, talents and analysis, I have humbly tried my best to introduce the medicinal substances present in Tibetan medicine, along with their pictures. Moreover, I have tried my best to write down the differing tastes and potencies from various standard medical treatises, keeping in mind that this book, Encyclopedia of Myriad Herbs, may be used as a basis for analysis for others while identifying herbs.