Fundamentals of Electromigration-Aware Integrated Circuit Design

Fundamentals of Electromigration-Aware Integrated Circuit Design
Author: Jens Lienig
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 171
Release: 2018-02-23
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3319735586

The book provides a comprehensive overview of electromigration and its effects on the reliability of electronic circuits. It introduces the physical process of electromigration, which gives the reader the requisite understanding and knowledge for adopting appropriate counter measures. A comprehensive set of options is presented for modifying the present IC design methodology to prevent electromigration. Finally, the authors show how specific effects can be exploited in present and future technologies to reduce electromigration’s negative impact on circuit reliability.

Copper Interconnect Technology

Copper Interconnect Technology
Author: Tapan Gupta
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 433
Release: 2010-01-22
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1441900764

Since overall circuit performance has depended primarily on transistor properties, previous efforts to enhance circuit and system speed were focused on transistors as well. During the last decade, however, the parasitic resistance, capacitance, and inductance associated with interconnections began to influence circuit performance and will be the primary factors in the evolution of nanoscale ULSI technology. Because metallic conductivity and resistance to electromigration of bulk copper (Cu) are better than aluminum, use of copper and low-k materials is now prevalent in the international microelectronics industry. As the feature size of the Cu-lines forming interconnects is scaled, resistivity of the lines increases. At the same time electromigration and stress-induced voids due to increased current density become significant reliability issues. Although copper/low-k technology has become fairly mature, there is no single book available on the promise and challenges of these next-generation technologies. In this book, a leader in the field describes advanced laser systems with lower radiation wavelengths, photolithography materials, and mathematical modeling approaches to address the challenges of Cu-interconnect technology.

Electromigration in ULSI Interconnections

Electromigration in ULSI Interconnections
Author: Cher Ming Tan
Publisher: World Scientific
Total Pages: 312
Release: 2010
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 9814273333

Electromigration in ULSI Interconnections provides a comprehensive description of the electro migration in integrated circuits. It is intended for both beginner and advanced readers on electro migration in ULSI interconnections. It begins with the basic knowledge required for a detailed study on electro migration, and examines the various interconnected systems and their evolution employed in integrated circuit technology. The subsequent chapters provide a detailed description of the physics of electro migration in both Al- and Cu-based Interconnections, in the form of theoretical, experimental and numerical modeling studies. The differences in the electro migration of Al- and Cu-based interconnections and the corresponding underlying physical mechanisms for these differences are explained. The test structures, testing methodology, failure analysis methodology and statistical analysis of the test data for the experimental studies on electro migration are presented in a concise and rigorous manner.Methods of numerical modeling for the interconnect electro migration and their applications to the understanding of electro migration physics are described in detail with the aspects of material properties, interconnection design, and interconnect process parameters on the electro migration performances of interconnects in ULSI further elaborated upon. Finally, the extension of the studies to narrow interconnections is introduced, and future challenges on the study of electro migration are outlined and discussed.

Electromigration in Cu Interconnects

Electromigration in Cu Interconnects
Author: Dr. Arijit Roy
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
Total Pages: 144
Release: 2011-07
Genre: Electrodiffusion
ISBN: 9783845412924

This work is intended for the beginners and the advanced readers. Electromigration is VLSI/ULSI interconnection remains one of the major failure issues in microelectronics and electromigration remains an attractive research area in last few decades. This work attempts to explore the driving force formalism of the electromigration phenomenon.The prime interest of this work is to investigate the physics of failure in submicron (down to 100 nm wide) Cu interconnections including the effect of surrounding materials. A combined driving force model, including the forces from the stress and temperature gradients is presented. In order to develop the combined driving force model, commercial finite element analysis package is used. Plenty of experiments on Cu damascene interconnects are conducted, and extensive failure analyses are performed to investigate the root causes of electromigration failure. Good correlations between the model predictions and experiments are obtained. The future challenges on the study of electromigration are also discussed.

Advanced Interconnects for ULSI Technology

Advanced Interconnects for ULSI Technology
Author: Mikhail Baklanov
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 616
Release: 2012-02-17
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1119966868

Finding new materials for copper/low-k interconnects is critical to the continuing development of computer chips. While copper/low-k interconnects have served well, allowing for the creation of Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) devices which combine over a billion transistors onto a single chip, the increased resistance and RC-delay at the smaller scale has become a significant factor affecting chip performance. Advanced Interconnects for ULSI Technology is dedicated to the materials and methods which might be suitable replacements. It covers a broad range of topics, from physical principles to design, fabrication, characterization, and application of new materials for nano-interconnects, and discusses: Interconnect functions, characterisations, electrical properties and wiring requirements Low-k materials: fundamentals, advances and mechanical properties Conductive layers and barriers Integration and reliability including mechanical reliability, electromigration and electrical breakdown New approaches including 3D, optical, wireless interchip, and carbon-based interconnects Intended for postgraduate students and researchers, in academia and industry, this book provides a critical overview of the enabling technology at the heart of the future development of computer chips.

Harsh Environment Electronics

Harsh Environment Electronics
Author: Ahmed Sharif
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 398
Release: 2019-08-05
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3527344195

Provides in-depth knowledge on novel materials that make electronics work under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions This book reviews the state of the art in research and development of lead-free interconnect materials for electronic packaging technology. It identifies the technical barriers to the development and manufacture of high-temperature interconnect materials to investigate into the complexities introduced by harsh conditions. It teaches the techniques adopted and the possible alternatives of interconnect materials to cope with the impacts of extreme temperatures for implementing at industrial scale. The book also examines the application of nanomaterials, current trends within the topic area, and the potential environmental impacts of material usage. Written by world-renowned experts from academia and industry, Harsh Environment Electronics: Interconnect Materials and Performance Assessment covers interconnect materials based on silver, gold, and zinc alloys as well as advanced approaches utilizing polymers and nanomaterials in the first section. The second part is devoted to the performance assessment of the different interconnect materials and their respective environmental impact. -Takes a scientific approach to analyzing and addressing the issues related to interconnect materials involved in high temperature electronics -Reviews all relevant materials used in interconnect technology as well as alternative approaches otherwise neglected in other literature -Highlights emergent research and theoretical concepts in the implementation of different materials in soldering and die-attach applications -Covers wide-bandgap semiconductor device technologies for high temperature and harsh environment applications, transient liquid phase bonding, glass frit based die attach solution for harsh environment, and more -A pivotal reference for professionals, engineers, students, and researchers Harsh Environment Electronics: Interconnect Materials and Performance Assessment is aimed at materials scientists, electrical engineers, and semiconductor physicists, and treats this specialized topic with breadth and depth.