Introducing the social skins of the head in ancient Mesoamerica and the Andes / Vera Tiesler and María Cecilia Lozada -- What was being sealed? : cranial modification and ritual binding among the Maya / William N. Duncan and Gabrielle Vail -- Head shapes and group identity on the fringes of the Maya lowlands / Vera Tiesler and Alfonso Lacadena -- Head shaping and tooth modification among the classic Maya of the Usumacinta River kingdoms / Andrew K. Scherer -- Cultural modification of the head : the case of Teopancazco in Teotihuacan / Luis Adrián Alvarado-Viñas and Linda R. Manzanilla -- Face painting among the classic Maya elites : an iconographic study / María Luisa Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual, Cristina Vidal Lorenzo, and Patricia Horcajada Campos -- The importance of visage, facial treatment, and idiosyncratic traits in Maya royal portraiture during the reign of K'inich Janaab' Pakal of Palenque, 615-683 CE / Laura Filloy Nadal -- The representation of hair in the art of Chichén Itzá / Virginia E. Miller -- Effigies of death : representation, use, and reuse of human skulls at the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan / Ximena Chávez Balderas -- Emic perspectives on cultural practices pertaining to the head in Mesoamerica : a commentary and discussion of the chapters in part one / Gabrielle Vail -- Afterlives of the decapitated in ancient Peru / John W. Verano -- Head processing among La Ramada tradition of Southern Peru / María Cecilia Lozada, Alanna Warner-Smith, Rex C. Haydon, Hans Barnard, Augusto Cardona Rosas, and Raphael Greenberg -- From Wawa to "Trophy Head" : meaning, representation, and bioarchaeology of human heads from ancient Tiwanaku / Deborah E. Blom and Nicole C. Couture -- Cranial modification in the central Andes : person, language, political economy / Bruce Mannheim, Allison R. Davis, and Matthew C. Velasco -- Violence, power, and head extraction in the Kallawaya Region, Bolivia / Sara K. Becker and Sonia Alconini -- Semiotic portraits : expressions of communal identity in Wari faceneck vessels / Andrea Vazquez de Arthur -- Using their heads : the lives of crania in the Andes / Christine A. Hastorf