Effects of Ruminally-protected Lysine Supplementation on Growing and Finishing Performance of Beef Cattle

Effects of Ruminally-protected Lysine Supplementation on Growing and Finishing Performance of Beef Cattle
Author: Vanessa de Aguiar Veloso
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Total Pages:
Release: 2020
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Three experiments were conducted to evaluate impacts of supplementing ruminally-protected lysine (RPL) to growing and finishing cattle. In experiment 1, 448 heifers (287 ± 14.1 kg body weight (BW)) were used to evaluate backgrounding performance of cattle fed RPL (SafeGainTM, H.J. Baker & Bro. LLC., Shelton, CT). Treatments were RPL supplemented at 0, 15, 30, or 45 g/animal daily. Heifers were blocked by BW and randomly allocated to 16 blocks of 4 pens each for a total of 64 pens containing 7 heifers/pen. At the end of the 112-day backgrounding period, a subset of 12 blocks were consolidated, such that 2 pens from each backgrounding treatment were combined into one finishing pen. Cattle were weighed, relocated to finishing pens, and fed a common finishing diet (no supplemental lysine) for 95 days until harvest to evaluate carryover effects of RPL fed during backgrounding. In experiment 2, 384 steers (413 ± 29.2 kg BW) were used to evaluate effects of supplementing RPL (SafeGain, H.J. Baker & Bro.) in conjunction with a [beta]-adrenergic agonist (BAA) on performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were (2 x 4 factorial) 0, 20, 40, or 60 g/animal daily of RPL in conjunction with BAA during the last 42 days on feed (112 days total finishing period); and two step-up regimens: conventional 21-days without or an accelerated 10-days step-up with an oral dose of Megasphaera elsdenii probiotic (ME; Lactipro®, MS Biotec, Wamego, KS). Steers were blocked by BW and randomly allocated to one of 64 pens with 6 animals/pen. In experiment 3, 448 steers (352 ± 25 kg BW) were used to evaluate impact of ME, alone or in combination with RPL (USA Lysine, Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA), on performance and carcass characteristics. Steers were blocked by BW and randomly allocated to one of 64 pens (7 steers/pen). Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial in a randomized complete block experiment, with treatments consisting of: RPL fed at 0 or 45 g/animal daily; and two step-up regimens as described for Exp. 2. Finishing diets were fed once daily for 144 or 172 days, ad libitum. At the end of all trials, cattle were weighed and harvested at a commercial abattoir, where carcass data were collected. In all studies, pen was the experimental unit, and block was the random effect. Backgrounding performance improved linearly in response to increasing amounts of RPL (P ≦ 0.05) in Exp. 1, and improvements realized during background were retained throughout finishing. In Exp. 2, there were no effects of RPL or ME on daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), or gain:feed (P > 0.45); but liver abscess incidence was increased with RPL supplementation (P 0.05; 28.3, 39.0, 46.9 and 39.4% for cattle fed 0, 20, 40 and 60 g/day of RPL, respectively). An interaction between RPL and ME was observed for hot carcass weight (P = 0.01). Dosing cattle with ME with an accelerated transition period decreased marbling score (P = 0.03) and yielded a lower percentage of carcasses grading Choice (P = 0.03) than those traditionally adapted. No other effects of ME or RPL were observed for carcass characteristics (P 0.10). In Exp. 3, no interactions between ME and RPL (P > 0.1) were observed. Steers given ME consumed less roughage compared to their counterparts without (P 0.05), but ADG, DMI, and gain:feed were similar (P 0.10) among treatments. Administering ME tended to increase percentage of USDA Prime carcasses compared to control (2.7 vs 0.5% respectively; P = 0.06). Feeding RPL did not affect feedlot performance, hot carcass weight, or other carcass traits (P > 0.10) but tended to increase USDA Yield Grade (P

Optimizing Beef Cattle Performance Using Rumen-protected Lysine Supplementation in Diets Balanced for Predicted Amino Acid and Effective Energy Requirement

Optimizing Beef Cattle Performance Using Rumen-protected Lysine Supplementation in Diets Balanced for Predicted Amino Acid and Effective Energy Requirement
Author: Jacquelyn Prestegaard
Publisher:
Total Pages: 68
Release: 2017
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The objectives of these experiments were to determine the bypass value of rumen-protected lysine and performance responses of beef cattle fed encapsulated lysine. During experiment 1 singe-flow continuous culture fermenters were fed a Lys-deficient control (CON), a Lys-sufficient diet supplemented with rumen-protected soybean meal (RPSBM; AminoPlus, Ag Processing Inc., Omaha, NE), or a Lys-sufficient diet containing a commercially available rumen-protected Lys product (RPLYS; USA Lysine, Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA). Results from continuous culture showed greater degradation of RPLYS than RPSBM and CON. During Experiment 2, an in vitro dry matter digestibility study showed DM degradation was 23[percent] greater for pure USA Lysine than another encapsulated lysine product (AjiPro 2G, Ajinomoto Heartland, Inc., Omaha, NE). The next objective was to test if AjiPro would increase plasma Lys levels in vivo (and therefore indicate its successful ruminal bypass and small intestinal absorption). Experiment 3 involved a 3 x 3 Latin Square study conducted on cannulated crossbred steers fed a combination of rumen-protected soybean meal and two increased levels of the rumen-protected product, where it was fed to meet 100[percent] (AJ100) and 150[percent] (AJ150) absorbable AA to effective energy (EE) ratio. Plasma Lys levels were greater when steers were fed diets containing AjiPro in comparison to when they were fed a negative control (NEGCON) which did not contain the product and was deficient in absorbable Lys. From both the in vitro dry matter degradation experiment and the 3 x 3 Latin Square study, we determined AjiPro to be an effective source of bypass Lys, and consequently used it to conduct a growing through finishing study. During Experiment 4, we evaluated steer performance when fed diets balanced for predicted Lys requirement to EE ratio through its supplementation in several dietary treatments. Control treatments included a negative control (NEGCON) that was deficient in absorbable Lys and contained no rumen-protected products; and a positive control (POSCON) where rumen-protected soybean meal was used to balance absorbable AA to EE ratio. Three additional dietary treatments included similar amounts of rumen-protected soybean meal and incremental amounts of AjiPro formulated to provide 50[percent] (AJ50), 100[percent] (AJ100), or 150[percent] (AJ150) of the absorbable Lys provided by POSCON. Starting on d 151 of the growth study, steers were weighed on 2 consecutive days every 14 d and assigned a final BW when no longer profitable (defined as when cost of gain exceeded value of gain). Steers remained profitable for greater days for NEGCON, POSCON and AJ100 than AJ150. Steers consuming POSCON had lesser ADG (kg/d) than all other treatments during the early finishing phase (d 75 to 112). However, steer ADG (kg/d) during late finishing (d 112 to 179) was greater for steers fed diets optimized for Lys requirement (POSCON and AJ100) than all other treatments. Between d 112 to 179, POSCON had greater G:F than all other treatments but did not differ from AJ100. When encapsulated Lys was under or over-supplemented, finishing steers became less profitable sooner. Feed efficiency increased with use of rumen-protected products during late finishing (d 112 to 179) in diets formulated to meet Lys requirement, but this did not impact overall steer performance from growing through finishing. A more accurate understanding of steer AA requirement and subsequent AA metabolism will allow more precise and effective use of rumen-protected products.

Methods to Reduce Nitrogen and Carbon Losses from Finishing Beef Cattle

Methods to Reduce Nitrogen and Carbon Losses from Finishing Beef Cattle
Author: Hanna K. Cronk
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023
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A finishing experiment evaluated the effect of incremental supplemental rumen-protected lysine on beef cattle performance. All cattle were fed the same diet of high moisture corn, dried rolled corn, modified distillers grains plus solubles, corn silage, and supplement with inclusion levels of lysine ranging from 0 to 7 grams/day, in 1 g increments. Dry matter intake (P ≤ 0.04) and ADG (P ≤ 0.04) decreased linearly as supplemental lysine increased in the diet with no effect on final carcass adjusted feed efficiency (P ≥ 0.34). In the initial 64 days of the experiment, increasing lysine in the diet linearly decreased ADG (P ≤ 0.05) with a trend (P = 0.08) to linearly decrease feed efficiency. During the Optaflexx feeding period, DMI decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with no effect on carcass adjusted ADG (P ≥ 0.51) or feed efficiency (P ≥ 0.34). Hot carcass weight tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.07) with no significant differences in carcass quality characteristics (P ≥ 0.20). In diets containing 15% modified distillers grains plus solubles, increasing supplemental lysine in the diet did not improve performance of finishing cattle. A finishing experiment evaluated the effect of a pistachio shell-sourced biochar on emissions and finishing performance of beef cattle. All cattle were fed the same diet of dried rolled corn, Sweet Bran (Cargill Wet Milling, Blair, NE), wheat straw, and supplement with biochar replacing 0.5% of dried rolled corn in the biochar treatment group. Eight pens of cattle were rotated as pairs through a 2-chambered emissions barn for 5 days for 8 consecutive weeks to analyze CH4 and CO2 produced by the cattle (2 measurement periods per pair). Biochar tended to increase CH4 emissions on a g/day basis (P = 0.09) with no effect on CH4 emissions as g/kg of DMI. There were no statistical differences in CO2 emissions as g/day or g/kg of DMI. Final performance, HCW, LM area, and marbling, did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.23). However, the control group tended to have improved 12th rib fat (P = 0.07) and yield grade (P = 0.06) compared to the biochar group. Including biochar at 0.5% of diet DM did not reduce eructed CH4 or respired CO2 and did not improve performance.

The Effect of Liquid Rumen-protected Lysine Supplementation on Lactation Performance of Holstein Cows

The Effect of Liquid Rumen-protected Lysine Supplementation on Lactation Performance of Holstein Cows
Author: Richardt Venter
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2013
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ISBN:
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Thirty high-producing multiparous Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized block design to compare a lysine deficient total mixed ration, which was sufficient in methionine, to the same diet supplemented with a rumen protected lysine product. The CPM-Dairy prediction model was used to estimate the nutrient requirements and adequacy or deficiency of amino acids. During the 21-day prepartum transition period, cows were fed 4 kg (dry basis) of the lysine deficient diet plus Eragrostis curvula hay ad lib. After calving, cows were fed the lysine deficient diet for the first three weeks and were then blocked according to the average production from day 19-21. Fifteen cows were allocated to each treatment and blocked into 15 groups of two each. Data on production parameters were analyzed for all cows and also separately for cows in the 10 highest production blocks. The experimental period was from day 22 to 120 postpartum. Lysine supplementation resulted in an optimal dietary lysine : methionine ratio in metabolisable protein of 7.2 : 2.4. Lysine supplementation did not affect dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, milk urea nitrogen, body weight or body condition score: but decreased the non-casein nitrogen and whey content of milk. Furthermore, milk casein, which is the milk nitrogen fraction most sensitive towards increased duodenal supply of lysine and methionine, was not affected. The rumen protected lysine product evaluated did not improve cow productivity, probably because the product was either unprotected from rumen degradation, or overprotected to the extent that the lysine was not available for absorption in the small intestine: or absorbed but could not be metabolised. Copyright.

Rumen-protected Lysine in Dairy Cows, Bioavailability and Effects

Rumen-protected Lysine in Dairy Cows, Bioavailability and Effects
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Total Pages: 0
Release: 2016
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The first trial's objective was assessing bioavailability of an experimental formulation (EEL) for a commercial rumen protected (RP) Lys product (ASL). Abomasal infusion was used to develop a response curve relating bioavailability to plasma Lys concentration. Infusion linearly increased plasma Lys, but did not affect milk production or composition. Feeding ASL or EEL had no consistent effects and EEL bioavailability was not better than ASL. The second experiment was an iteration, with improvements learned from the first trial, aimed at determining ASL bioavailability. Plasma Lys increased with infusion in 7 out of 10 cows. Half of the cows responded to feeding ASL with increased plasma Lys. No effects of treatments, neither in milk yield nor composition, were observed. Estimated bioavailability was 28% by dose-response method and 22% by slope-ratio approach. The third trial tested production effects and N use efficiency of supplementing a low (14.5%) CP diet, containing soybean meal (SBM) and distillers grains (DDGS), with RP Met (RPM) and RP Lys (RPL); a positive control (16.8% CP) was included. High CP diet showed higher intake, milk yield and MUN, but lowest apparent N efficiency. No RPM main effects were observed; however, RPM*RPL interaction for milk yield was significant because RPM increased 1.2 kg milk/d but milk was not altered by RPM+RPL. Feeding RPM, but not RPL, increased milk yield/DMI on low CP diets containing SBM plus DDGS. The fourth trial aimed to determine if RPL supplementation improved nutritive value of RUP from corn protein. Diets contained alfalfa and corn silage; half or all CP from solvent SBM (SSBM) and expeller SBM (ESBM) were replaced by CP from corn (corn gluten meal and DDGS), while keeping RDP, RUP and metabolizable protein approximately constant. One all corn CP diet was RPL supplemented (20 g/d absorbed Lys). Intake was highest on SSBM+ESBM diet, intermediate on blended diet and lowest on the corn diets. Milk, milk protein yield, and feed efficiency were lowest in all corn CP diet without RPL; RPL supplementation increased 1.1 kg milk/d and 50 g protein/d. Dilution of SBM RUP with corn protein did not reduce milk yield.

An Examination of the Effects of Dietary Rumen-protected Histidine Supplementation on Finishing Beef Cattle Growth, Carcass, and Meat Quality Parameters

An Examination of the Effects of Dietary Rumen-protected Histidine Supplementation on Finishing Beef Cattle Growth, Carcass, and Meat Quality Parameters
Author: Breann Nancy Sandberg
Publisher:
Total Pages: 272
Release: 2017
Genre: Amino acids in animal nutrition
ISBN: 9780355235609
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This study examined the effects of dietary rumen-protected histidine (HIS) supplementation in beef cattle on growth and carcass traits/product quality. Three levels of daily HIS were tested over a 60-d finishing period in 48 cross-bred steers. Cattle were randomly allocated into eight pens (six hd/each) and fed using Calan gates. Morning feed was top-dressed with the HIS; control (no HIS), low HIS (50g/hd/d), or high HIS (100g/hd/d). Individual intakes were recorded, and feed and orts were analyzed. Post-harvest, one longissimus lumborum and one gluteus medius was acquired from each animal and cut into steaks. Steaks were used for retail display to evaluate color, lipid oxidation, cookery data, WBSF, consumer perception and for free histidine, anserine, and carnosine content analysis. HIS supplementation tended improved instrumental and visual color, sensory components, and free HIS content of the lean tissue. In conclusion, RP-histidine treatment may optimize product quality and marketability in beef cattle.

Increasing Postruminal Amino Acid Supply to Cattle Consuming Forages

Increasing Postruminal Amino Acid Supply to Cattle Consuming Forages
Author: Bret Hess
Publisher:
Total Pages: 260
Release: 1996
Genre: Amino acids in animal nutrition
ISBN:
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Provision of supplemental nutrients is often necessary to obtain a desirable level of beef cattle productivity. The productive potential has been shown to increase in response to strategic supplementation programs. It has been speculated that production from growing and lactating cattle is limited by inadequate supply of metabolizable amino acids. Deficiencies are heightened when cattle are exposed to cold environments. Increasing metabolizable amino acids is commonly accomplished by implementing one of two supplementation regimens: (1) protein sources which escape ruminal digestion (UIP) or (2) ruminally protected amino acids (RPAA). Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing postruminal amino acid supply to cattle. In experiment 1, 30 lightweight heifers were used to determine the influence of supplemental soybean hulls plus UIP on intake, growth performance, and serum metabolites. Intake was not influenced by supplementation during cold ambient conditions, but growth performance was greatest for heifers offered UIP. Serum glucose, urea N, and non-esterified fatty acids were increased in heifers receiving supplemental UIP compared to those fed the isocaloric equivalent amount of soybean hulls. Six multi-cannulated Holstein steers were used in experiment 2 to evaluate the effects of the same supplements on site and extent of digestion at thermoneutrality and exposure to cold conditions. Fluid and particulate passage from the rumen increased during cold exposure, which did not affect microbial flow to the duodenum. Digestibility of N shifted from the small intestine to the large intestine in response to the cold environment, which allowed greater OM and NDF digestibilities in the lower and total tract of steers supplemented with UIP. From the results of these two experiments, it is suggested that addition of UIP to soybean hulls increased growth performance by maintaining nutrient digestion and enhancing metabolic status in the cold. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine how primiparous beef cattle respond to increasing level of postruminal methionine and lysine. Total milk protein exhibited a quadratic response with increasing level of RPAA, while cow weight gain yielded an inverse response to RPAA. Growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I were not affected by dietary treatment, but did respond to changes in physiological state. Therefore, shifts in production away from body weight gain to increased milk production did not appear to be associated with changes in metabolic regulators.