Effect of the Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus on the Regulation of Cytokines
Author | : Sakthivel Subramaniam |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2011 |
Genre | : Cytokines |
ISBN | : 9781124775906 |
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Author | : Sakthivel Subramaniam |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2011 |
Genre | : Cytokines |
ISBN | : 9781124775906 |
Author | : Rebecca Royale Pullen |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : |
Release | : 2008 |
Genre | : |
ISBN | : |
Currently, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most economically significant disease affecting the swine industry. PRRSV is known for its restricted cell tropism, primarily infecting porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) via receptor-mediated endocytosis. PRRSV infects only a portion of the PAM population both in vivo and in vitro, which suggests that not every macrophage is PRRSV-permissive. Three surface proteins that can act as receptors for PRRSV have been identified on PAM, however, little else is known about the regulation of macrophage tropism. Factors determining cellular permissibility or resistance to PRRSV infection remain largely uncharacterized, although a recent study from our laboratory demonstrated that 1) permissiveness to PRRSV infection increased with time in culture, 2) macrophages from infected pigs could be superinfected, and 3) addition of actinomycin D, which inhibits mRNA synthesis, blocked infection. These data suggest that a PRRSV-permissive subpopulation of cells derives from a non-permissive precursor population and depends on new mRNA synthesis. The current studies were designed to examine the effects of PRRSV on both infected and uninfected PAM cells in vitro, specifically focusing on the expression of MHC I, MHC II, CD14, CD163 and CD172a surface proteins. The results show upregulation of MHC II, CD14, CD163 and CD172a expression in PRRSV-infected cells and a downregulation on the uninfected cells within the PRRSV-inoculated cultures. The role of apoptosis in the PRRSV-inoculated cultures was investigated, with results showing similar, low levels of apoptosis in control and infected PAM. PAM cytokine responses to PRRSV and LPS were also examined and, although they were uniquely different relative to control PAM, no trends were detected in the responses of PAM infected with PRRSV compared to uninfected and classically stimulated PAM. These data confirm that there are at least two subsets of macrophages within the alveolar population and suggests that the subsets are differentially affected by PRRS virus. We also demonstrated that MHC I becomes undetectable on PAM as a result of the freezing process, and that PRRSV-permissiveness is greater in the cell population after freezing.
Author | : R. Pandey |
Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
Total Pages | : 354 |
Release | : 2012-12-06 |
Genre | : Science |
ISBN | : 1461392268 |
Vaccines have historically been considered to be the most cost-effective method for preventing communicable diseases. It was a vaccine that enabled global eradication of the dreaded disease smallpox. Mass immunization of children forms the anchor of the strategy of the World Health Organization (WHO) to attain "health for all" status by the year 2000. Vaccinology is undergoing a dimensional change with the advances that have taken place in immunology and genetic engineering. Vaccines that confer short or inadequate immunity or that have side effects are being replaced by better vaccines. New vaccines are being developed for a variety of maladies. Monoclonal antibodies and T cell clones have been employed to delineate the immunodeterminants on microbes, an approach elegantly complemented by computer graphics and molecular imaging techniques. Possibilities have opened for obtaining hitherto scarce antigens of parasites by the DNA recombinant route. Better appreciation of the idiotypic network has aroused research on anti idiotypic vaccines. Solid-phase synthesis of peptides is leading to an array of synthetic vaccines, an approach that is expected to attain its full potential once the sequences activating suppressor cells are discovered and the rules for presentation of antigens to T and B cells are better worked out. A new breed of vaccines is on the horizon that seeks to control fertility. Originally conceived to intercept a step in the reproductive process, they are conceptual models for developing approaches to regulate the body's internal processes.
Author | : Kim A. Brogden |
Publisher | : |
Total Pages | : 460 |
Release | : 2002 |
Genre | : Bacteria |
ISBN | : |
Polymicrobial diseases, those involving more than one etiologic agent, are more common than is generally realized and include respiratory diseases, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, hepatitis, periodontal diseases, multiple sclerosis, genital infections, intra -- abdominal infections, and pertussis.
Author | : Jeffrey J. Zimmerman |
Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
Total Pages | : 1136 |
Release | : 2019-06-18 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 1119350859 |
Provides a fully revised Eleventh Edition of the definitive reference to swine health and disease Diseases of Swine has been the definitive reference on swine health and disease for over 60 years. This new edition has been completely revised to include the latest information, developments, and research in the field. Now with full color images throughout, this comprehensive and authoritative resource has been redesigned for improved consistency and readability, with a reorganized format for more intuitive access to information. Diseases of Swine covers a wide range of essential topics on swine production, health, and management, with contributions from more than 100 of the foremost international experts in the field. This revised edition makes the information easy to find and includes expanded information on welfare and behavior. A key reference for anyone involved in the swine industry, Diseases of Swine, Eleventh Edition: Presents a thorough revision to the gold-standard reference on pig health and disease Features full color images throughout the book Includes information on the most current advances in the field Provides comprehensive information on swine welfare and behavior Offers a reorganized format to make the information more accessible Written for veterinarians, academicians, students, and individuals and agencies responsible for swine health and public health, Diseases of Swine, Eleventh Edition is an essential guide to swine health. "The 11th edition of Diseases of Swine continues to serve as the gold-standard resource for anything and everything related to swine herd health...this edition does an outstanding job of keeping up with the advanced diagnostic technologies and the latest research on new or emerging diseases and syndromes...there is no other informational resource that comes close to providing the depth or quality of information on the topic of swine diseases as does this book"
Author | : Samia Metwally |
Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
Total Pages | : 350 |
Release | : 2021-04-01 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 1119506263 |
Provides a concise and authoritative reference on the use of vaccines against diseases of livestock Compiled by Senior Animal Health Officers at The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and with contributions from international leading experts, Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is a concise and authoritative reference featuring easily readable reviews of the latest research in vaccinology and vaccine immune response to pathogens of major economic impact to livestock. It covers advice and recommendations for vaccine production, quality control, and effective vaccination schemes including vaccine selection, specifications, vaccination programs, vaccine handling in the field, application, failures, and assessment of herd protection. In addition, the book presents discussions on the current status and potential future developments of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases. Provides a clear and comprehensive guide on using veterinary vaccines to protect livestock from diseases Teaches the principles of vaccinology and vaccine immune response Highlights the vaccine production schemes and standards for quality control testing Offers easy-to-read reviews of the most current research on the subject Gives readers advice and recommendations on which vaccination schemes are most effective Discusses the today’s state of vaccines and vaccination against selected transboundary animal diseases as well as possible future developments in the field Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications is an important resource for veterinary practitioners, animal health department officials, vaccine scientists, and veterinary students. It will also be of interest to professional associations and NGO active in livestock industry.
Author | : Israel Vlodavsky |
Publisher | : Springer Nature |
Total Pages | : 871 |
Release | : 2020-04-09 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 3030345211 |
Written by internationally recognized leaders in Heparanase biology, the book’s eight chapters offer an opportunity for scientists, clinicians and advanced students in cell biology, tumor biology and oncology to obtain a comprehensive understanding of Heparanase’s multifaceted activities in cancer, inflammation, diabetes and other diseases, as well as its related clinical applications. Proteases and their involvement in cancer progression have been well addressed and documented; however, the emerging premise presented within this book is that Heparanase is a master regulator of aggressive cancer phenotypes and crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment. This endoglycosidase contributes to tumor-mediated remodeling of the extracellular matrix and cell surfaces, augmenting the bioavailability of pro-tumorigenic and pro-inflammatory growth factors and cytokines that are bound to Heparan sulfate. Compelling evidence ties Heparanase with all steps of tumor progression including tumor initiation, growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance, supporting the notion that Heparanase is an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a validated target for therapy. Unlike Heparanase, heparanase-2, a close homolog of Heparanase, lacks enzymatic activity, inhibits Heparanase, and regulates selected genes that promote normal differentiation and tumor suppression. Written by internationally recognized leaders in Heparanase biology, this volume presents a comprehensive understanding of Heparanase’s multifaceted activities in cancer, inflammation, diabetes and other diseases, as well as its related clinical applications to scientists, clinicians and advanced students in cell biology, tumor biology and oncology.
Author | : Stanley Perlman |
Publisher | : Springer |
Total Pages | : 0 |
Release | : 2010-11-19 |
Genre | : Medical |
ISBN | : 9781441938749 |
This volume is based on the 10th International Nidovirus Symposium: Towards Control of SARS and other Nidovirus Diseases. The volume includes articles by all of the major contributors to this burgeoning area of research which summarize the work presented at the meeting. This represents the only comprehensive book to cover this field in the last five years.