Our understanding of life on Earth is limited. Best estimates suggest that a majority of Australian and New Zealand species remain undiscovered, unnamed and undocumented. Taxonomy and biosystematics-the disciplines of biology that study, document, name and characterise biodiversity-provide the framework for this much-needed understanding of life on our planet.This decadal plan seeks to use new and emerging technologies, develop key infrastructure, and create a unified and dynamic science that will serve the needs of society, government, industry and our unique biodiversity.