Development and Characterization of Ternary Solid Dispersion Granules of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs

Development and Characterization of Ternary Solid Dispersion Granules of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs
Author: Niraja Patel
Publisher:
Total Pages: 156
Release: 2011
Genre:
ISBN:

The objective of this study was to increase the solubility of two poorly water soluble drugs, namely Diflunisal USP and Mefenamic Acid USP, by the formation of ternary solid dispersion granules with a dispersion carrier and an adsorbent. The study also includes characterization of the ternary solid dispersion granules for their physicochemical properties initially and after storage for 3 months. The dispersion carrier used for this study was Gelucire 50/13® and the adsorbent was Neusilin US2®. The fusion (hot melt) granulation method was used to prepare the ternary solid dispersion granules. Various characterization techniques were used to characterize the solid dispersion including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and in vitro dissolution studies. The DSC data represents the ternary mixture of the drug (diflunisal or mefenamic acid), dispersion carrier (Gelucire50/13®) and adsorbent (Neusilin US2®), which formed the solid dispersion. The XRPD results confirmed the highly crystalline nature of the pure drug (diflunisal or mefenamic acid) and the conversion of the drug to the amorphous state in the solid dispersions. The FTIR study reveals hydrogen bonding which leads to solid dispersion formation. No other chemical interaction was observed between the components of the ternary solid dispersion granule. The SEM study provided evidence of the highly crystalline nature for the pure drug and the amorphous nature for the ternary solid phase dispersion. In vitro dissolution data reveals a significant increase in drug solubility from the ternary solid dispersion granule as compared to the solubility for the pure drug. The ternary solid dispersion granule formed for diflunisal and mefenamic acid were highly amorphous and able to significantly increase the solubility of each drug. Stability studies were performed for the solid dispersion of both the drugs (diflunisal and mefenamic acid) by subjecting them to different isothermal temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C) and relative humidity conditions (22.5% RH, 52.89% RH, 75.29% RH and 100% RH) for three months. The solid dispersion for both drugs (diflunisal and mefenamic acid) remained unaffected by the temperature and humidity conditions to which they were exposed throughout the three months period. Thus, in this study, the ternary solid dispersion granules for the two poorly water soluble drugs (diflunisal and mefenamic acid) were formulated which showed an increased dissolution as well as rate. The solid dispersion granules were extremely stable for three month under accelerated temperature and humidity conditions.

Formulating Poorly Water Soluble Drugs

Formulating Poorly Water Soluble Drugs
Author: Robert O. Williams III
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 656
Release: 2011-12-04
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1461411440

This volume is intended to provide the reader with a breadth of understanding regarding the many challenges faced with the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs as well as in-depth knowledge in the critical areas of development with these compounds. Further, this book is designed to provide practical guidance for overcoming formulation challenges toward the end goal of improving drug therapies with poorly water-soluble drugs. Enhancing solubility via formulation intervention is a unique opportunity in which formulation scientists can enable drug therapies by creating viable medicines from seemingly undeliverable molecules. With the ever increasing number of poorly water-soluble compounds entering development, the role of the formulation scientist is growing in importance. Also, knowledge of the advanced analytical, formulation, and process technologies as well as specific regulatory considerations related to the formulation of these compounds is increasing in value. Ideally, this book will serve as a useful tool in the education of current and future generations of scientists, and in this context contribute toward providing patients with new and better medicines.

Amorphous Solid Dispersions

Amorphous Solid Dispersions
Author: Navnit Shah
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 702
Release: 2014-11-21
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1493915983

This volume offers a comprehensive guide on the theory and practice of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) for handling challenges associated with poorly soluble drugs. In twenty-three inclusive chapters, the book examines thermodynamics and kinetics of the amorphous state and amorphous solid dispersions, ASD technologies, excipients for stabilizing amorphous solid dispersions such as polymers, and ASD manufacturing technologies, including spray drying, hot melt extrusion, fluid bed layering and solvent-controlled micro-precipitation technology (MBP). Each technology is illustrated by specific case studies. In addition, dedicated sections cover analytical tools and technologies for characterization of amorphous solid dispersions, the prediction of long-term stability, and the development of suitable dissolution methods and regulatory aspects. The book also highlights future technologies on the horizon, such as supercritical fluid processing, mesoporous silica, KinetiSol®, and the use of non-salt-forming organic acids and amino acids for the stabilization of amorphous systems. Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Theory and Practice is a valuable reference to pharmaceutical scientists interested in developing bioavailable and therapeutically effective formulations of poorly soluble molecules in order to advance these technologies and develop better medicines for the future.

Ternary Solid Dispersion Strategy for Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs by Co-Milling Technique

Ternary Solid Dispersion Strategy for Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Soluble Drugs by Co-Milling Technique
Author: Marouene Bejaoui
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2022
Genre: Science
ISBN:

Amorphous ternary solid dispersion has become one of the strategies commonly used for improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. Such multicomponent solid dispersion can be obtained by different techniques, this chapter provides an overview of ternary solid dispersion by co-milling method from the perspectives of physico-chemical characteristics in vitro and in vivo performance. A considerable improvement of solubility was obtained for many active pharmaceutical ingredients (e.g., Ibuprofen, Probucol, Gliclazid, Fenofibrate, Ibrutinib and Naproxen) and this was correlated to the synergy of multiple factors (hydrophilicity enhancement, particle size reduction, drug-carrier interactions, anti-plasticizing effect and complexation efficiency). This enhanced pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of these drug molecules (1.49 to 15-folds increase in plasma drug concentration). A particular focus was accorded to compare the ternary and binary system including Ibuprofen and highlighting the contribution of thermal and spectral characterization techniques. The addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30), a low molecular weight molecule, into the binary solid dispersion (Ibuprofen/Œ≤-cyclodextrin), leads to a 1.5,Äì2 folds increase in the drug intrinsic dissolution rate only after 10¬†min. This resulted from physical stabilization of amorphous Ibuprofen by reducing its molecular mobility and inhibiting its recristallization even under stress conditions (75% RH and T¬†=¬†40¬∞C for six months).

Solubility Improvement by Solid Dispersion and Their Characterization

Solubility Improvement by Solid Dispersion and Their Characterization
Author: Vishak Sridhar
Publisher:
Total Pages: 181
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:

The objective of this project was to improve the solubility of two poorly water soluble drugs, namely indomethacin and phenytoin by formulating ternary solid dispersions with a carrier and an adsorbent. Urea was used as the dispersing agent for indomethacin, while Kollidon®VA64 was used for both indomethacin and phenytoin. Solid dispersions with urea and indomethacin were prepared by the hot melt method while the ones with Kolllidon®VA64 were prepared by the solvent extraction method. Various techniques were used to characterize the solid dispersions, immediately after they were made and after two months of elevated temperature and relative humidity, including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and in vitro dissolution studies. The DSC data showed thermograms for all the ingredients, physical mixtures and solid dispersions. It indicated that the physical mixtures tend to have the drugs in their crystalline form. However, the solid dispersions gave formulations that were completely amorphous. PXRD studies confirmed these results. PXRD results for the drugs show their crystalline nature which could not be seen with the solid dispersions. It also confirmed that the formulations were stable over the two month period when they were kept at elevated temperature and controlled relative humidity conditions. SEM images indicated that the solid dispersion of the drug and carrier were coated on the Nuesilin®US2 well, showing it was possible to coat the solid dispersion on the Nuesilin®US2 by both the fusion method and solvent extraction method . In vitro dissolution studies reveal that there is an increase in both the quantity of drug solubilized and the rate of dissolution after formulation into their solid dispersions. The stability studies for two months under various temperatures (300C, 350C, 400C, and 450C) and relative humidity conditions (100%, 75.29 ±0.12%, 54.38 ±0.23 and 23.11 ±0.25% RH) indicated that the formulations might be stable. It also indicated that as the quantity of drug in the formulations increased, there was a tendency for some formulations to be unstable. The accelerated stability studies also helped to determine the trends with the shelf life of the formulations using the Arrhenius equation. It also gave some idea about the tendency of relative humidity to affect the degradation rate of the drug.

Solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs by solid dispersion

Solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs by solid dispersion
Author: Adela Kalivoda
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Total Pages: 198
Release: 2012-06-25
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 3736941412

Summary Solid dispersions are a promising approach for controlled release drug delivery systems as both the bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs as well as the sustained release of water-soluble drugs are possible to optimize their in vivo performance. Different methods for the manufacture of solid dispersion systems have been introduced in literature. In the present work, two methods are compared: hot-melt extrusion and ultrasound-assisted compaction technique. Various carrier systems and drugs with different physicochemical properties are applied to investigate the feasibility of the technologies for pharmaceutical formulation. The formulations are compared to the corresponding untreated physical blends of the components regarding their solid state structure and dissolution behavior to assess the effect of the manufacturing technique. Ultrasound-assisted compaction technique improves the initial dissolution rate of fenofibrate, a poorly water-soluble model drug. The crystalline API is partially converted into its amorphous state. As equivalent results can be achieved if the polymers are added directly to the dissolution medium, the dissolution enhancement is attributed to an improved wettability of the drug. A statistical design of experiments is employed to investigate the effect of the process parameters on the results. Difficulties are encountered in the determination of process parameters which result in an optimal outcome. The process is very sensitive to the smallest changes of settings, for example of the position of the sonotrode. Additionally, the delivery of ultrasound energy is inhomogeneous. There is no or only insufficient user control of these parameters available. Furthermore, the duration of ultrasound energy delivery which is identified as a crucial parameter cannot be set by the user. The variable factors ultrasound energy, pressure of the lower piston and pressure of the upper piston affect the defined responses in the opposite direction. Hence, there are no settings which result in a satisfactory outcome. A strong influence of the material characteristics on the process is observed leading to a batch to batch variability. Due to an insufficient reproducibility of results, the application of the technology cannot be recommended in its current state in the pharmaceutical formulation development and/or production. Improvements in homogeneity of energy delivery, process monitoring, user control and amount of leakage are mandatory for an acceptable performance and a future application in the pharmaceutical sector. The polymers COP, HPMC and PVCL-PVAc-PEG are well suitable as carriers for hot-melt extruded formulations of fenofibrate. All three extrudates are amorphous one-phase systems with the drug molecularly dispersed in the polymer. The enhancement of the initial dissolution rate and the maximum concentration level achieved are dependent on the applied carrier system. Supersaturation levels of up to 12.1 times are reached which are not stable due to recrystallization processes. The application of blends of polymers as carriers reduces the decrease rate after cmax. Because of water absorption and polymer relaxation, the overall dissolution performance decreases with increasing storage times which can be avoided through an optimization of the packaging. If oxeglitazar is used as API, the initial dissolution rate of the extrudates is below that of the untreated drug, with the exception of the ternary blend of COP, HPMC and oxeglitazar which shows a substance-specific super-additive effect. In contrast to the other extrudates, the formulation of PVCL-PVAc-PEG and oxeglitazar does not form a molecularly dispersed solid solution of the drug in the carrier. Instead, an amorphous two-phase system is present. No changes are observed after storage, presumably due to higher glass transition temperatures of the hot-melt extruded systems which are considerably above those of the corresponding fenofibrate extrudates. With felodipine as API, the dissolution profile is enhanced with COP as single carrier. If HPMC or PVCL-PVAc-PEG is used as single or additional polymeric carriers, the dissolution is equivalent (HPMC) or lower (PVCL-PVAc-PEG) than that of the pure drug although molecularly disperse systems are present in all cases. Out of the two investigated methods only hot-melt extrusion is a suitable technology to manufacture solid dispersions with an improved dissolution behavior. The dissolution profile of the extrudates can be influenced by adding polymers with differing physicochemical characteristics. Predictions on the dissolution behavior of the extrudates with polymeric blends as carriers can be made if there is knowledge on the dissolution profiles of the corresponding single polymeric extrudates. Due to substance-specific effects, the results are not transferable from drug to drug. Even so, the data are promising as the release behavior of the manufactured extrudates can be easily modified and readily adapted to one's needs. Further research will have to be conducted to verify the concept and the relevance of the results in vivo. Zusammenfassung Feste Dispersionen sind ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Herstellung von Drug Delivery-Systemen mit kontrollierter Wirkstofffreisetzung, da sie sowohl die Bioverfügbarkeit schlecht wasserlöslicher Arzneistoffe verbessern als auch die Freisetzung gut wasserlöslicher Arzneistoffe verzögern können und so deren in vivo Verhalten optimieren. Verschiedene Herstellungsmethoden wurden in der Literatur vorgestellt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei Technologien miteinander verglichen: Schmelzextrusion und Ultraschall gestützte Verpressung (USAC). Verschiedene Trägersysteme und Arzneistoffe mit unterschiedlichen physikochemischen Eigenschaften werden untersucht, um die Einsatzmöglichkeit im pharmazeutischen Bereich zu überprüfen. Die Struktur der hergestellten Systeme und deren Freisetzungsverhalten werden mit den physikalischen Mischungen der Komponenten verglichen, um den Einfluss der Formulierung zu bestimmen. Durch USAC wird die initiale Freisetzungsrate von Fenofibrat, einem schlecht wasserlöslichen Modellarzneistoff, verbessert. Eine teilweise Umwandlung vom kristallinen in den amorphen Zustand tritt auf. Vergleichbare Ergebnisse werden bei einer Polymerzugabe zum Freisetzungsmedium erreicht; daher wird davon ausgegangen, dass vor allem eine verbesserte Benetzbarkeit des Arzneistoffs eine Rolle spielt. Mittels statistischer Versuchsplanung wird der Einfluss der verschiedenen Prozessparameter untersucht. Die Einstellung der Prozessparameter, um ein optimales Ergebnis zu erhalten, gestaltet sich schwierig. Der Prozess reagiert auf kleinste Veränderungen, zum Beispiel der Position der Sonotrode, überaus sensitiv. Außerdem wird die Ultraschallenergie nicht homogen übertragen. Die Kontrolle dieser Parameter durch den Anwender ist nicht oder nur unzureichend möglich. Ebenso kann die Dauer der Ultraschallapplizierung, die essentiell für den Prozess ist, nicht eingestellt werden. Die Prozessparameter Ultraschallenergie, Unterstempeldruck und Sonotrodendruck beeinflussen die Zielgrößen in entgegengesetzter Richtung. Daher gibt es keine Einstellung, die für alle Zielgrößen optimale Ergebnisse liefert. Zusätzlich ist der Prozess stark abhängig von den Eigenschaften des verwendeten Materials: Die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Polymerchargen macht eine Anpassung der Prozessparameter notwendig, um vergleichbare Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Eine ausreichende Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse für einen Einsatz dieser Technologie in Formulierungsentwicklung oder Produktion ist nicht gegeben. Eine homogene Ultraschallenergiezufuhr sowie Verbesserungen der Prozessüberwachung, der Benutzerkontrolle und eine Verminderung der austretenden Materialmenge sind für eine akzeptable Leistung und eine zukünftige Anwendung im pharmazeutischen Bereich zwingend erforderlich. Die Polymere COP, HPMC, PVCL-PVAc-PEG sind für eine Freisetzungsverbesserung von Fenofibrat mittels Schmelzextrusion geeignet. Es liegen einphasige, molekulardisperse feste Lösungen vor. Abhängig von der Trägersubstanz wird die initiale Freisetzungsrate unterschiedlich stark erhöht, ebenso die maximale Konzentration des Arzneistoffes in Lösung. Eine bis zu 12.1-fache Übersättigung wird erreicht, die aufgrund von Rekristallisationsprozessen nicht stabil ist. Der Einsatz von polymeren Mischungen reduziert die Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsabfalls. Die Absorption von Wasser und Relaxationseffekte vermindern die Freisetzungserhöhung mit zunehmender Lagerdauer; dieser Entwicklung kann durch eine Optimierung des Packmittels entgegengewirkt werden. Wird der ebenfalls schwer wasserlösliche Arzneistoff Oxeglitazar verwendet, so ist die initiale Freisetzungsrate der Extrudate der des reinen Arzneistoffs unterlegen, mit Ausnahme der ternären Mischung von COP, HPMC und Oxeglitazar, die einen substanzspezifischen überadditiven Effekt aufweist. PVCL-PVAc-PEG-Oxeglitazar-Extrudate bilden im Gegensatz zu den übrigen Formulierungen keine molekulardisperse feste Lösung, sondern ein amorphes Zwei-Phasen-System. Eine Veränderung während der Lagerzeit wird nicht beobachtet, vermutlich aufgrund der höheren Glasübergangstemperaturen dieser Systeme. Lediglich das Freisetzungsprofil von COP-Felodipin-Extrudaten ist verbessert. Gegenüber dem reinen Arzneistoff ist die Freisetzung der übrigen Extrudate vergleichbar (HPMC) oder verringert (PVCL-PVAc-PEG), obwohl auch hier molekulardisperse Systeme vorliegen. Von den beiden untersuchten Technologien ist lediglich die Schmelzextrusion geeignet, um feste Dispersionen mit einem verbesserten Freisetzungsverhalten herzustellen. Das Freisetzungsprofil der Extrudate kann durch den Zusatz von Polymeren mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften optimiert und vorhergesagt werden, wenn das Freisetzungsprofil der Einzelpolymer-Extrudate bekannt ist. Die Ergebnisse sind aufgrund von substanzspezifischen Effekten nicht von Arzneistoff auf Arzneistoff übertragbar. Nichtsdestotrotz sind die Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit vielversprechend, da gezeigt wird, dass das Freisetzungsprofil der Extrudate leicht beeinflusst und an spezifische Anforderungen angepasst werden kann. Weitere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um das Konzept und die Relevanz der Ergebnisse in vivo zu überprüfen.

Investigation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs

Investigation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions for Solubility Enhancement of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs
Author: Andrew Olutoye Ojo
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2021
Genre:
ISBN:

The preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) has enabled the development of oral dosage forms for many poorly water-soluble compounds. The aim of the work presented in this dissertation is to advance our understanding of ASDs, specifically their long-term stability with respect to crystallization and the implications of instability on product performance. Advancing knowledge in these areas is pivotal for the pharmaceutical industry and its efforts in drug discovery. Much of our understanding of ASD stability results from empirical or extrapolative models that have been applied to describe stability. Their application has been limited and they do not provide fundamental insights into the recrystallization process to aid in the rationale development in ASDs. Notably, they fail to consider supersaturation as the driving force for crystallization, diffusivity in viscous systems, and interfacial effects. The works presented in this dissertation model the mechanisms of crystal nucleation and growth in ASDs by incorporating these concepts, develop and apply characterization tools to determine critical model parameters, and study the effects of crystallization on product performance.

Formulating Poorly Water Soluble Drugs

Formulating Poorly Water Soluble Drugs
Author: Robert O. Williams III
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2022
Genre:
ISBN: 9783030887209

The objective of this third edition is to consolidate within a single text the most current knowledge, practical methods, and regulatory considerations pertaining to formulations development with poorly water-soluble molecules. A pharmaceutical scientist's approach toward solubility enhancement of a poorly water-soluble molecule typically includes detailed characterization of the compound's physiochemical properties, solid-state modifications, advanced formulation design, non-conventional process technologies, advanced analytical characterization, and specialized product performance analysis techniques. The scientist must also be aware of the unique regulatory considerations pertaining to the non-conventional approaches often utilized for poorly water-soluble drugs. One faced with the challenge of developing a drug product from a poorly soluble compound must possess at a minimum a working knowledge of each of the above mentioned facets and detailed knowledge of most. In light of the magnitude of the growing solubility problem to drug development, this is a significant burden especially when considering that knowledge in most of these areas is relatively new and continues to develop. Highlights the most recent advancements reported in the literature on technologies to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs Provides a comprehensive discussion of new technologies developed and recently over 40% updated new content Essential read for scientists and researchers in pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural industries since over 80% of newly discovered drugs are poorly water soluble.

Poorly Soluble Drugs

Poorly Soluble Drugs
Author: Gregory K. Webster
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 728
Release: 2017-01-06
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9814745464

This book is the first text to provide a comprehensive assessment of the application of fundamental principles of dissolution and drug release testing to poorly soluble compounds and formulations. Such drug products are, vis-à-vis their physical and chemical properties, inherently incompatible with aqueous dissolution. However, dissolution methods are required for product development and selection, as well as for the fulfillment of regulatory obligations with respect to biopharmaceutical assessment and product quality understanding. The percentage of poorly soluble drugs, defined in classes 2 and 4 of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), has significantly increased in the modern pharmaceutical development pipeline. This book provides a thorough exposition of general method development strategies for such drugs, including instrumentation and media selection, the use of compendial and non-compendial techniques in product development, and phase-appropriate approaches to dissolution development. Emerging topics in the field of dissolution are also discussed, including biorelevant and biphasic dissolution, the use on enzymes in dissolution testing, dissolution of suspensions, and drug release of non-oral products. Of particular interest to the industrial pharmaceutical professional, a brief overview of the formulation and solubilization techniques employed in the development of BCS class 2 and 4 drugs to overcome solubility challenges is provided and is complemented by a collection of chapters that survey the approaches and considerations in developing dissolution methodologies for enabling drug delivery technologies, including nanosuspensions, lipid-based formulations, and stabilized amorphous drug formulations.