Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia

Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency in Somalia
Author: Seth G. Jones
Publisher: Rand Corporation
Total Pages: 107
Release: 2016-09-13
Genre: History
ISBN: 0833094815

This study examines the counterterrorism and counterinsurgency campaign against al Shabaab in Somalia. It concludes that, while al Shabaab was weakened between 2011 and 2016, it could resurge if urgent steps are not taken to address key challenges.

Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism

Somalia: State Collapse and the Threat of Terrorism
Author: Ken Menkhaus
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 133
Release: 2013-11-05
Genre: History
ISBN: 1136050000

This work explores Somalia's state collapse and the security threats posed by Somalia's prolonged crisis. Communities are reduced to lawlessness, and the interests of commercial elites have shifted towards rule of law, but not a revived central state. Terrorists have found Somalia inhospitable, using it mainly for short-term transshipment.

Somalia

Somalia
Author: Bronwyn E. Bruton
Publisher: Council on Foreign Relations
Total Pages: 61
Release: 2010
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0876094876

Even among failed states-those countries unable to exercise authority over their territory and provide the most basic services to their people-Somalia stands apart. A country of some nine million, it has lacked a central government since the fall of Mohamed Siad Barre's regime in 1991. Poverty and insecurity are endemic. Less than 40 percent of Somalis are literate, more than one in ten children dies before turning five, and a person born in Somalia today cannot assume with any confidence that he or she will reach the age of fifty.Failed states provide fertile ground for terrorism, drug trafficking, and a host of other ills that threaten to spill beyond their borders. Somalia is thus a problem not just for Somalis but for the United States and the world. In particular, the specter of Somalia's providing a sanctuary for al-Qaeda has become an important concern, and piracy off Somalia's coast, which affects vital international shipping lanes, remains a menace.In this Council Special Report, Bronwyn E. Bruton proposes a strategy to combat terrorism and promote development and stability in Somalia. She first outlines the recent political history involving the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) formed in 2004 and its Islamist opponents, chiefly the Shabaab, which has declared allegiance to al-Qaeda. She then analyzes U.S. interests in the country, including counterterrorism, piracy, and humanitarian concerns, as well as the prospect of broader regional instability.Bruton argues that the current U.S. policy of supporting the TFG is proving ineffective and costly. The TFG is unable to improve security, deliver basic services, or move toward an agreement with Somalia's clans and opposition groups that would provide a stronger basis for governance. She also cites flaws in two alternative policies-a reinforced international military intervention to bolster the TFG or an offshore approach that seeks to contain terrorist threats with missiles and drones.Instead, Bruton advances a strategy of "constructive disengagement." Notably, this calls for the United States to signal that it will accept an Islamist authority in Somalia-including the Shabaab-as long as it does not impede international humanitarian activities and refrains from both regional aggression and support for international jihad. As regards terrorism, the report recommends continued airstrikes to target al-Qaeda and other foreign terrorists while taking care to minimize civilian casualties. It argues for a decentralized approach to distributing U.S. foreign aid that works with existing local authorities and does not seek to build formal institutions. And the report counsels against an aggressive military response to piracy, making the case instead for initiatives to mobilize Somalis themselves against pirates.Somalia: A New Approach takes on one of today's most vexing foreign policy challenges, offering concise analysis and thoughtful recommendations grounded in a realistic assessment of U.S. and international interests and capabilities. It is an important contribution to the debate over how to proceed in this most failed of states.

Everything You Have Told Me Is True

Everything You Have Told Me Is True
Author: Mary Harper
Publisher: Hurst & Company
Total Pages: 266
Release: 2019
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1787381242

An intimate look at everyday life under, within and alongside a notorious terrorist group.

Building States While Fighting Terror

Building States While Fighting Terror
Author: Peter J. Quaranto
Publisher:
Total Pages: 96
Release: 2008
Genre: History
ISBN:

This report suggests that US policy in Somalia since 2001 represents many strong trends in US security thinking. For instance, there has been a revived emphasis on state stability and, conversely, a problematisation of state weakness as a threat. US officials have focused on 'failed states', such as Somalia, as havens and recruiting grounds for terrorists. Correspondingly, state building has been declared a key tactic of counter-terrorism. US officials have argued that the best long-term defence against terrorism is the existence of functional central governments, especially those willing to cooperate with Washington. Therefore, the US State Department recently stated that the two pillars of state building and counter-terrorism drive US policy in Somalia (McCormack 2006). The purpose of this report is to consider the interaction of those pillars in policymaking and, especially, their application at the scene of action.

Somalia Between Jihad and Restoration

Somalia Between Jihad and Restoration
Author: Shaul Shay
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 215
Release: 2017-07-05
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 1351488805

Since 1991 Somalia has been defined as a failing state, one that lacks an effective central government. The vacuum of power in Somalia, in turn, enabled Al Qaida and other radical Islamic organizations to find allies and refuge in there. Shay's account shows how the presence of radical Islamic entities in the area, alongside local problems and conflicts, has turned Somalia into a focal point in the global war against terror. On June 5, 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) declared victory in its struggle against the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter Terrorism (ARPCT), a coalition of U.S. backed warlords. Shortly after their victory announcement, the ICU implemented a Taliban-style radical Islamic rule. The rule of the ICU was brief. In December 2006 they were defeated by a coalition of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and Ethiopian forces. In spite of the ICU's defeat, internal conflict in Somalia between the ICU and the interim government of Somalia (TFG), backed by Ethiopia, is still far from concluded. Shay shows how the internal conflict may spill over into other nations, creating a larger regional theater of Jihad. He also provides some ideas on how to prevent the foundation of a new radical Islamic state that could become a haven of the Islamic terror in the Horn of Africa. This volume is instructive in demonstrating the consequences of destabilisation. It will be of interest to foreign policy analysts, regional specialists, and strategists in the war against terror.

Serendi

Serendi
Author: Michael Taarnby
Publisher:
Total Pages: 476
Release: 2018-06-20
Genre:
ISBN: 9781720506829

One of the world's foremost experts on countering the threat of violent extremism, Michael Taarnby spent three years in war-torn Somalia living among defectors from one of the most notorious terrorist groups - al-Shabaab. For the first time here, Taarnby tells the inside story of his efforts to rehabilitate and reintegrate these former terrorists into society, and the many unexpected perils and emergencies he and his team encountered along the way. For the team was soon to learn that in Somalia, hundreds of former terrorists are likely to be the least of your problems while working in a failed state. By many perceived to be the project from hell that no one wanted, the Danish team accepted the challenge and ran with it, and this narrative details what it took - no holds barred. Taarnby is uniquely positioned to tell the story as experienced from a compound in Mogadishu, in all of its chaos, corruption and violence where the unexpected and surreal becomes tedious routine. He paints a riveting picture of a society running on a ticking clock to save it from itself. And as fragile as Somali society may be, he exposes with an honest and unsparing eye how the international community struggle with Somali realities, and often come up short. "A wonderfully engaging, highly readable and fast paced account of the Somali defector program that carries many broader lessons on how to provide effective international assistance to fragile states." Ricard Barrett, former MI6 Director of Global Counter Terrorism Operations and founder of the UN Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force "Serendi is a compelling, thought-provoking and inspiring account of setting up a terrorism rehabilitation program in one of the most dangerous countries on earth. With verve and lashings of dark humor, it tells the captivating story of how against all odds Taarnby's small team produced such extraordinary results that they became a strategic threat to al-Shabaab and a top target for the terrorist group. This book is essential reading for anybody who wants to understand Somalia and the challenges ahead in confronting the global jihadi threat. For all the frustrations the author encountered in Somalia, his book also tells a profound truth which many involved in counter-terrorism efforts have yet to grasp: the global battle for hearts and minds can be decisively won, but only if local communities are empowered to do so." Paul Cruickshank, Editor in Chief, CTC Sentinel and co-author of "Nine Lives: My Time as MI6's Top Spy Inside al-Qaeda." "There has been no shortage of books and academic papers in the field of terrorism studies, but there is also a recognition that most lack primary data from field research. This book does not fit the regular mold. Danish social anthropologist Michael Taarnby has written a tour de force on his time managing the al-Shabaab terrorist rehabilitation program. Not only does he get unprecedented access, but his writing style comes across as a riveting adventure story of a Western scholar in a war zone. Those interested in terrorism, its effects on society and the tragedy that is modern Somalia will love this book" Phil Gurski, former Canadian intelligence analyst and President of Borealis Threat and Risk Consulting

Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa

Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa
Author: Christopher L. Daniels
Publisher: Scarecrow Press
Total Pages: 255
Release: 2012
Genre: History
ISBN: 0810883104

The first contribution to Global Flashpoints: A Scarecrow Press Series, Christopher Daniels' Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa provides readers with a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the spate of piracy and terrorism plaguing the waters of Somalia and the global threat posed by this activity. Contesting the commonly held perception that the piracy and terrorism occurring in Somalia are two separate and unrelated activities, Daniels reveals how the collapse of the Somali state and the chaos that has ensued created the environment for piracy and terrorism to flourish in combination. He also notes how the failure to restore a functioning central government has allowed both to become dangerous threats not only to the people of Somalia but the entire world. Underscoring Somalia's dire state, Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa lays out for readers such significant topics as the reasons behind the collapse of the Somali state and the secession of Somaliland, Puntland, and Jubaland; the rise of internationally-linked terrorist groups, such as Al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam; and the dramatic spike in pirate attacks off the Somali coast. Daniels concludes by critiquing the methods that have been used to help alleviate these global security challenges and gives policy recommendations for future consideration. Designed to enhance readers' grasp of this global flashpoint, this volume includes a timeline, a glossary of terms, biographical entries on key individual and institutional actors in this conflict, and selected primary sources. It is the ideal introduction to students and scholars of international relations, African history and politics, terrorism, and maritime studies.

Famine in Somalia

Famine in Somalia
Author: Daniel G. Maxwell
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2016
Genre: Famines
ISBN: 9781849045759

Some 250,000 people died in the southern Somalia famine of 2011-12, which also displaced and destroyed the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands more. Yet this crisis had been predicted nearly a year earlier. The harshest drought in Somalia's recent history coincided with a global spike in food prices, hitting this arid, import-dependent country hard. The policies of Al-Shabaab, a militant Islamist group that controlled southern Somalia, exacerbated an already difficult situation, barring most humanitarian assistance, while donors counter-terrorism policies led to cuts and criminalized any aid falling into their hands. A major disaster resulted from the production and market failures precipitated by the drought and food price crisis, while the famine itself was the result of the failure to quickly respond to these events-and was thus largely human-made. This book analyses the famine: the trade-offs between competing policy priorities that led to it, the collective failure in response, and how those affected by it attempted to protect themselves and their livelihoods.It also examines the humanitarian response, including actors that had not previously been particularly visible in Somalia-from Turkey, the Middle East, and Islamic charities worldwide.