At the Conference on Environmentally & Socially Sustainable Development sponsored by the World Banks Learning and Leadership Center and UNESCO, participants discussed developing nations seeking technology transfer, undertaking new partnerships with the private sector, and pursuing the development of their own scientific and technical capacities. As they do, the quality and content of academic endeavors and research agendas become critical in organizing and investing in knowledge. This volume is a compilation of the topics raised at the conference, which was assembled to pursue the important task of organizing knowledge that can help address key issues facing people around the world. Issues in the book concern survival of the species and the environment and the well-being of the world's children.