Chemical Warfare Agent Sea Dumping Off Australia
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| Author | : Geoff Plunkett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 56 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : Chemical agents (Munitions) |
| ISBN | : |
Although the disposal of material in the sea is no very restricted, historically, the disposal of unwanted waste in the ocean has been a very common practice in many parts of the world. Due to its immense size the ocean was thought to have an unlimited absorptive capacity, with any dumped waste having only a very localised effect. Moreover, the material would be well away from any human activity. It is important to know where any hazardous material may lie, both to prevent human contact and to assess the possible ecological consequences.
| Author | : Geoff Plunkett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 32 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : Arms transfers |
| ISBN | : |
Knowledge of CWA dumping sites in Australia will help prevent possible exposure and help assess the possible ecological consequences. Also examines what may have happened to the containers after dumping, including the corrosion rate of the cylinders and the breakdown of mustard gas as it reacts with the sea water.
| Author | : Geoff Plunkett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 772 |
| Release | : 2013-01-01 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : 9780987427908 |
As the Japanese swept south towards Australia in late 1941, they carried chemical weapons, already used with deadly effect in China. Forced to counter the chemical warfare threat, Australia covertly imported 1 million chemical weapons and hid them. Plunkett tells the story of the importation, storage, and live trials of the deadly weapons.
| Author | : Geoff Plunkett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 28 |
| Release | : 2002 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : H. Lindsey Arison III |
| Publisher | : H. Lindsey Arison III |
| Total Pages | : 420 |
| Release | : 2014-03-07 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : |
Ticking Time Bomb. Between 1946 and 1990, on the order of 754,975 tons (over 1.5 billion pounds or 684 million kilograms) of chemical weapons were disposed in European waters. At least 21 European Nations are now potentially at risk because of the expected toxic effect on marine life and the food chain. Critical research revealed in over 400 print pages contains 111 images including 23 declassified TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL, and RESTRICTED documents, 40 photographs, and 17 maps. Principal Chapters: - Evolution of Plans for the Disposition of Captured Chemical Weapons - Accounting of All Captured Chemical Weapons - Accounting of All Sea-Disposed Chemical Weapons - Locations of the Scuttled Ships - Estimated Total Chemical Warfare Agents Disposed in European Waters - Legal Responsibilities of States - Conclusion and The Imperative for an International Strategy “Bottom Line”: The environmental and public health problems facing European nations incident to the anticipated release of potentially massive amounts of slowly hydrolyzing nerve and blister agents into the marine environment are more critical and urgent than generally supposed. Increased incidents of human and marine injury in recent years have convinced many the threat of chemical poisons leaking from the deteriorating shells, canisters, and containers on the ocean floor is an imminent and insoluble problem. The fundamental premise of this study is that when the these sea disposals occurred, dumping of toxic CW into the ocean was the preferred disposal method and was not an act of malevolence or ill will. Such dumping was not prohibited and the effect on the environment was simply not considered important at that time. It is therefore not the intent of this book to affix blame or culpability. Rather, a detailed analysis of principal findings underscores the imperative for an international strategy and a proposal for international collaboration and cooperation in addressing the potential problem is advanced.
| Author | : Sangita Das |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 766 |
| Release | : 2022-09-16 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0323906729 |
Sensing of Deadly Toxic Chemical Warfare Agents, Nerve Agent Simulants, and their Toxicological Aspects provides a general overview of the development and performance of different novel molecular frameworks as potent vehicles for sensing Chemical Weapons (CWs). The chapters are contributed by leading researchers in the areas of materials science, medical science, chemical science, and nanotechnology from industries, academics, government and private research institutions across the globe. It covers cover topics such as inorganic nanocomposites, hyperbranched polymers, and graphene heterojunctions for effective sensing of CW agents. This book is a highly valuable reference source for graduates, post-graduates, and research scholars primarily in the fields of materials science, medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, and nanoscience and nanotechnology. In addition, almost all analytical techniques will be discussed, making this a first-rate reference for professors, students, and scientists in many industries. Provides an efficient, reliable, and highly versatile approach for the synthesis of different molecular systems suitable for diversity-oriented strategies, structure-activity studies and molecular tailoring for the sensing of chemical warfare agents Goes into depth on new binary organogels, discrete carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and has endowed electrochemical chemosensors (ECCSs) with high selectivity and sensitivity towards the detection of chemical warfare agent Highlights in detail the detection of CWs by composite optical waveguide sensors, and describes disposable biofilm biosensors for sensitive detection of biotoxicity in water with treatment of nerve agent poisoning
| Author | : Geoff Plunkett |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 176 |
| Release | : 2003 |
| Genre | : Chemical agents (Munitions) |
| ISBN | : |
A compilation of reports previously published separately.
| Author | : A.V. Kaffka |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 186 |
| Release | : 1996-06-30 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0792340906 |
This volume summarises the materials presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sea-Dumped Chemical Munitions, held in Kaliningrad (Moscow Region), Russia, in January 1995. The conference was sponsored by the NATO Division of Scientific and Environmental Affairs in the framework of its outreach programme to develop co-operation between NATO member countries and the Cooperation Partner countries in the area of disarmament technologies. The problem of the ecological threat posed by chemical weapons (CW) dumped in the seas after the Second World War deserves considerable international attention: the amount of these weapons, many of them having been captured from the German Army, is assessed at more than three times as much as the total chemical arsenals reported by the United States and Russia. They were disposed of in the shallow depths of North European seas - areas of active fishing - in close proximity to densely populated coastlines, with no consideration of the long-term consequences. The highly toxic material have time and again showed up, for instance when retrieved occasionally in the fishing nets, attracting local media coverage only. Nevertheless, this issue has not yet been given adequate and comprehensive scientific analysis, the sea-disposed munitions are not covered by either the Chemical Weapons Convention or other arms control treaties. In fact, the problem has been neglected for a long time on the international level. Only recently were official data made available by the countries which admitted conducting dumping operations.
| Author | : Jon Mitchell |
| Publisher | : Rowman & Littlefield |
| Total Pages | : 316 |
| Release | : 2020-10-12 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : 1538130343 |
In this devastating exposé, investigative journalist Jon Mitchell reveals the shocking toxic contamination of the Pacific Ocean and millions of victims by the US military. For decades, US military operations have been contaminating the Pacific region with toxic substances, including plutonium, dioxin, and VX nerve agent. Hundreds of thousands of service members, their families, and residents have been exposed—but the United States has hidden the damage and refused to help victims. After World War II, the United States granted immunity to Japanese military scientists in exchange for their data on biological weapons tests conducted in China; in the following years, nuclear detonations in the Pacific obliterated entire islands and exposed Americans, Marshallese, Chamorros, and Japanese fishing crews to radioactive fallout. At the same time, the United States experimented with biological weapons on Okinawa and stockpiled the island with nuclear and chemical munitions, causing numerous accidents. Meanwhile, the CIA orchestrated a campaign to introduce nuclear power to Japan—the folly of which became horrifyingly clear in the 2011 meltdowns in Fukushima Prefecture. Caught in a geopolitical grey zone, US territories have been among the worst affected by military contamination, including Guam, Saipan, and Johnston Island, the final disposal site of apocalyptic volumes of chemical weapons and Agent Orange. Accompanying this damage, US authorities have waged a campaign of cover-ups, lies, and attacks on the media, which the author has experienced firsthand in the form of military surveillance and attempts by the State Department to impede his work. Now, for the first time, this explosive book reveals the horrific extent of contamination in the Pacific and the lengths the Pentagon will go to conceal it.
| Author | : Richard Albright |
| Publisher | : William Andrew |
| Total Pages | : 336 |
| Release | : 2011-12-02 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1437734782 |
Unexploded military ordnance and toxic chemicals, some dating back to the two World Wars, are a global concern, especially when former military bases are redeveloped for housing or other civilian uses. Internationally, there are the added challenges of cleanup of battlegrounds and minefields. Experts estimate that the United States alone could spend between $50–250 billion to clean up these sites, many of which are in areas of high population density, where the demand for land for development is high. This book is unique in providing detailed guidance for cleaning up military ordnance sites – listing explosives, chemical warfare materials and breakdown products which can contaminate soil and groundwater and the tests needed to detect them, as well as cleanup techniques. Also included are remote sensing techniques, geophysical techniques, safety issues, the particular challenges of chemical weapons, etc. The author illustrates these techniques with case studies, including former battlegrounds in Europe and Asia, storage and waste disposal sites in Russia and former Soviet territories, and an extended study of the remediation of the large and complex Spring Valley site in the District of Columbia,. The second edition has been fully revised and updated, and also includes new and expanded sections on: geophysical techniques for discovering buried ordnance underwater sites and remediation techniques use of robotics, including remotely operated vehicles compliance and regulatory issues guidance documents from US Department of Defense and other sources The focus on test procedures, environmental remediation techniques, and learning from past case studies, makes Albright’s book the most comprehensive and practical guide on the market for a topic of international importance. The only book available with clear and complete guidance for the cleanup of military ordnance sites and battlefields The author illustrates his recommendations with real world cases including Spring Valley, DC, former battlegrounds in Europe and Asia, and storage and waste disposal sites in Russia and other former Soviet states An essential reference for the test and environmental remediation procedures required to put former military sites back in to civilian use (e.g. housing) 30% revision, with key updates concerning regulatory changes, US Dept of Defense guidance documents, use of robotic vehicles, underwater sites and discovery of buried ordnance
