Mooring Line Modelling and Design Optimization of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines

Mooring Line Modelling and Design Optimization of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Author: Matthew Thomas Jair Hall
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2013
Genre:
ISBN:

Floating offshore wind turbines have the potential to become a significant source of affordable renewable energy. However, their strong interactions with both wind- and wave-induced forces raise a number of technical challenges in both modelling and design. This thesis takes aim at some of those challenges. One of the most uncertain modelling areas is the mooring line dynamics, for which quasi-static models that neglect hydrodynamic forces and mooring line inertia are commonly used. The consequences of using these quasi-static mooring line models as opposed to physically-realistic dynamic mooring line models was studied through a suite of comparison tests performed on three floating turbine designs using test cases incorporating both steady and stochastic wind and wave conditions. To perform this comparison, a dynamic finite-element mooring line model was coupled to the floating wind turbine simulator FAST. The results of the comparison study indicate the need for higher-fidelity dynamic mooring models for all but the most stable support structure configurations. Industry consensus on an optimal floating wind turbine configuration is inhibited by the complex support structure design problem; it is difficult to parameterize the full range of design options and intuitive tools for navigating the design space are lacking. The notion of an alternative, "hydrodynamics-based'' optimization approach, which would abstract details of the platform geometry and deal instead with hydrodynamic performance coefficients, was proposed as a way to obtain a more extensive and intuitive exploration of the design space. A basis function approach, which represents the design space by linearly combining the hydrodynamic performance coefficients of a diverse set of basis platform geometries, was developed as the most straightforward means to that end. Candidate designs were evaluated in the frequency domain using linearized coefficients for the wind turbine, platform, and mooring system dynamics, with the platform hydrodynamic coefficients calculated according to linear hydrodynamic theory. Results obtained for two mooring systems demonstrate that the approach captures the basic nature of the design space, but further investigation revealed limitations on the physical interpretability of linearly-combined basis platform coefficients. A different approach was then taken for exploring the design space: a genetic algorithm-based optimization framework. Using a nine-variable support structure parameterization, this framework is able to span a greater extent of the design space than previous approaches in the literature. With a frequency-domain dynamics model that includes linearized viscous drag forces on the structure and linearized mooring forces, it provides a good treatment of the important physical considerations while still being computationally efficient. The genetic algorithm optimization approach provides a unique ability to visualize the design space. Application of the framework to a hypothetical scenario demonstrates the framework's effectiveness and identifies multiple local optima in the design space -- some of conventional configurations and others more unusual ... .

Dynamics Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

Dynamics Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Author: Mohammed Khair Al-Solihat
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2018
Genre:
ISBN:

" Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) are a promising technology to harness the abundant offshore wind energy resources in open ocean areas. A FOWT consists of a floating platform, the moorings, and the wind turbine structure (tower + Rotor-Nacelle Assembly (RNA)). The main focus of this thesis is to develop multibody dynamic models that integrate the structural dynamics, and hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, aerodynamic and mooring system loads. Special efforts are also devoted to characterize the mooring and hydrostatic loads as main sources of systems stiffness that shapes the dynamic behavior of the system. Two approaches for modeling the platform/tower dynamics are developed, a rigid multibody model and a coupled rigid-flexible multibody model. Both models treat the platform, nacelle and rotor as six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) rigid bodies. However, modeling the wind turbine tower dynamics differs between these approaches. The rigid model considers the tower as a 6-DOF rigid body while the flexible model represents the tower as a three-dimensional (3D) tapered damped Euler-Bernoulli beam undergoing coupled general rigid body and elastic motions. In both approaches, the wind turbine drivetrain dynamics is also considered to capture the rotor spin response. The equations of motions of both models are derived symbolically using Lagrange's equations. The hydrostatic restoring loads are evaluated through development of a novel nonlinear hydrostatic approach. This approach allows evaluating the exact hydrostatic force and moment and position of the center of buoyancy as function of the platform displacement and finite rotation. New exact expressions for the water plane area restoring moments are developed. The hydrostatic stiffness matrix at an arbitrary position and orientation of the platform is subsequently derived. A quasi-static approach is then developed to determine the cable tensions of the single-segment and multi-segment mooring system configurations proposed to moor the platform to the seabed. The approach uses different governing equations, depending on whether the mooring lines partially rest on the seabed; are suspended; or fully taut. The exact mooring stiffness is subsequently derived and the influence of several mooring system parameters on the mooring system stiffness is investigated. As an alternative to the quasi-static cable model, a lumped mass cable model incorporating the cable-seabed contact effect is developed to integrate the cable dynamics into the FOWT system dynamics. The equations of motion of the mooring line nodes are assembled for the two mooring system configurations under consideration. A new methodology is also presented to calculate the equilibrium profile of the mooring line lying on a seabed as desirable initial conditions for solving the discretized cable equations of motion. Finally, the theoretical models are implemented through a large simulation tool to analyze the dynamic behavior of the spar FOWT system under study. A series of simulations under defined external loads (load cases) are performed to validate the dynamic models. The simulation results are compared with similar results obtained from well-known offshore wind design codes. The simulation results are found to be in very good agreement with the reported results. Numerical experiments are also performed to investigate the influence of the tower flexibility, mooring system configuration, tower twist and cable dynamics on the system dynamic behavior. The results show that the system responses obtained from the rigid body model under-predict the platform yaw response and exhibit less damping than those obtained from the flexible model. It is also found that the mooring system configuration choice does not influence the platform roll and pitch responses or tower elastic deflections." --

Airborne Wind Energy

Airborne Wind Energy
Author: Roland Schmehl
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 752
Release: 2018-03-31
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 9811019479

This book provides in-depth coverage of the latest research and development activities concerning innovative wind energy technologies intended to replace fossil fuels on an economical basis. A characteristic feature of the various conversion concepts discussed is the use of tethered flying devices to substantially reduce the material consumption per installed unit and to access wind energy at higher altitudes, where the wind is more consistent. The introductory chapter describes the emergence and economic dimension of airborne wind energy. Focusing on “Fundamentals, Modeling & Simulation”, Part I includes six contributions that describe quasi-steady as well as dynamic models and simulations of airborne wind energy systems or individual components. Shifting the spotlight to “Control, Optimization & Flight State Measurement”, Part II combines one chapter on measurement techniques with five chapters on control of kite and ground stations, and two chapters on optimization. Part III on “Concept Design & Analysis” includes three chapters that present and analyze novel harvesting concepts as well as two chapters on system component design. Part IV, which centers on “Implemented Concepts”, presents five chapters on established system concepts and one chapter about a subsystem for automatic launching and landing of kites. In closing, Part V focuses with four chapters on “Technology Deployment” related to market and financing strategies, as well as on regulation and the environment. The book builds on the success of the first volume “Airborne Wind Energy” (Springer, 2013), and offers a self-contained reference guide for researchers, scientists, professionals and students. The respective chapters were contributed by a broad variety of authors: academics, practicing engineers and inventors, all of whom are experts in their respective fields.

Floating Offshore Wind Energy

Floating Offshore Wind Energy
Author: Joao Cruz
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 345
Release: 2016-08-20
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3319293982

This book provides a state-of-the-art review of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT). It offers developers a global perspective on floating offshore wind energy conversion technology, documenting the key challenges and practical solutions that this new industry has found to date. Drawing on a wide network of experts, it reviews the conception, early design stages, load & structural analysis and the construction of FOWT. It also presents and discusses data from pioneering projects. Written by experienced professionals from a mix of academia and industry, the content is both practical and visionary. As one of the first titles dedicated to FOWT, it is a must-have for anyone interested in offshore renewable energy conversion technologies.

Wind Turbines and Aerodynamics Energy Harvesters

Wind Turbines and Aerodynamics Energy Harvesters
Author: Dan Zhao
Publisher: Academic Press
Total Pages: 530
Release: 2019-08-02
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0128171367

Wind Turbines and Aerodynamics Energy Harvesters not only presents the most research-focused resource on aerodynamic energy harvesters, but also provides a detailed review on aeroacoustics characteristics. The book considers all developing aspects of 3D printed miniature and large-size Savonious wind harvesters, while also introducing and discussing bladeless and aeroelastic harvesters. Following with a review of Off-shore wind turbine aerodynamics modeling and measurements, the book continues the discussion by comparing the numerical codes for floating offshore wind turbines. Each chapter contains a detailed analysis and numerical and experimental case studies that consider recent research design, developments, and their application in practice. Written by an experienced, international team in this cross-disciplinary field, the book is an invaluable reference for wind power engineers, technicians and manufacturers, as well as researchers examining one of the most promising and efficient sources of renewable energy. Offers numerical models and case studies by experienced authors in this field Contains an overview and analysis of the latest research Explores 3D printing technology and the production of wind harvesters for real applications Includes, and uses, ANSYS FLUENT case files

Proceedings of the XV Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering

Proceedings of the XV Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering
Author: Francesco Ricciardelli
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 755
Release: 2019-03-12
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3030128156

This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of wind engineering, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the XV Conference of the Italian Association for Wind Engineering (IN-VENTO 2018), held in Naples, Italy on September 9-12, 2018. It covers highly diverse topics, including aeroelasticity, bluff-body aerodynamics, boundary layer wind tunnel testing, computational wind engineering, structural dynamics and reliability, wind-structure interaction, flow-induced vibrations, wind modeling and forecast, wind disaster mitigation, and wind climate assessment. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.

Effects of Second-Order Hydrodynamics on a Semisubmersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

Effects of Second-Order Hydrodynamics on a Semisubmersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 12
Release: 2014
Genre:
ISBN:

The objective of this paper is to assess the second-order hydrodynamic effects on a semisubmersible floating offshore wind turbine. Second-order hydrodynamics induce loads and motions at the sum- and difference-frequencies of the incident waves. These effects have often been ignored in offshore wind analysis, under the assumption that they are significantly smaller than first-order effects. The sum- and difference-frequency loads can, however, excite eigenfrequencies of the system, leading to large oscillations that strain the mooring system or vibrations that cause fatigue damage to the structure. Observations of supposed second-order responses in wave-tank tests performed by the DeepCwind consortium at the MARIN offshore basin suggest that these effects might be more important than originally expected. These observations inspired interest in investigating how second-order excitation affects floating offshore wind turbines and whether second-order hydrodynamics should be included in offshore wind simulation tools like FAST in the future. In this work, the effects of second-order hydrodynamics on a floating semisubmersible offshore wind turbine are investigated. Because FAST is currently unable to account for second-order effects, a method to assess these effects was applied in which linearized properties of the floating wind system derived from FAST (including the 6x6 mass and stiffness matrices) are used by WAMIT to solve the first- and second-order hydrodynamics problems in the frequency domain. The method has been applied to the OC4-DeepCwind semisubmersible platform, supporting the NREL 5-MW baseline wind turbine. The loads and response of the system due to the second-order hydrodynamics are analysed and compared to first-order hydrodynamic loads and induced motions in the frequency domain. Further, the second-order loads and induced response data are compared to the loads and motions induced by aerodynamic loading as solved by FAST.

Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines, 2nd edition

Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines, 2nd edition
Author: Martin O. L. Hansen
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 192
Release: 2013-05-13
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1136572260

Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines is the established essential text for the fundamental solutions to efficient wind turbine design. Now in its second edition, it has been entirely updated and substantially extended to reflect advances in technology, research into rotor aerodynamics and the structural response of the wind turbine structure. Topics covered include increasing mass flow through the turbine, performance at low and high wind speeds, assessment of the extreme conditions under which the turbine will perform and the theory for calculating the lifetime of the turbine. The classical Blade Element Momentum method is also covered, as are eigenmodes and the dynamic behaviour of a turbine. The new material includes a description of the effects of the dynamics and how this can be modelled in an ?aeroelastic code?, which is widely used in the design and verification of modern wind turbines. Further, the description of how to calculate the vibration of the whole construction, as well as the time varying loads, has been substantially updated.

Offshore Mechanics

Offshore Mechanics
Author: Madjid Karimirad
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 305
Release: 2018-05-07
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1119216621

Covers theoretical concepts in offshore mechanics with consideration to new applications, including offshore wind farms, ocean energy devices, aquaculture, floating bridges, and submerged tunnels This comprehensive book covers important aspects of the required analysis and design of offshore structures and systems and the fundamental background material for offshore engineering. Whereas most of the books currently available in the field use traditional oil, gas, and ship industry examples in order to explain the fundamentals in offshore mechanics, this book uses more recent applications, including recent fixed-bottom and floating offshore platforms, ocean energy structures and systems such as wind turbines, wave energy converters, tidal turbines and hybrid marine platforms. Offshore Mechanics covers traditional and more recent methodologies used in offshore structure modelling (including SPH and hydroelasticity models). It also examines numerical techniques, including computational fluid dynamics and finite element method. Additionally, the book features easy-to-understand exercises and examples. Provides a comprehensive treatment for the case of recent applications in offshore mechanics for researchers and engineers Presents the subject of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element methods (FEM) along with the high fidelity numerical analysis of recent applications in offshore mechanics Offers insight into the philosophy and power of numerical simulations and an understanding of the mathematical nature of the fluid and structural dynamics with focus on offshore mechanic applications Offshore Mechanics: Structural and Fluid Dynamics for Recent Applications is an important book for graduate and senior undergraduate students in offshore engineering and for offshore engineers and researchers in the offshore industry.