Categorization And Category Change
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| Author | : Gianina Iordăchioaia |
| Publisher | : Cambridge Scholars Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 195 |
| Release | : 2014-07-08 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 1443863815 |
This collection of selected papers addresses theoretical and empirical issues related to lexical categories, categorization and category change. Any grammatical description makes use of parts-of-speech. The proper set of lexical categories and the definitions of their properties cross-linguistically has been a remnant issue in linguistics since the beginnings of grammatical description. Besides, the traditional classification of lexical classes with their morphological, syntactic and/or interpretational properties has led to the emergence of mixed categories, which are problematic in linguistic theory, since the current systems, either feature-based or syntactic, have no means to express fuzziness. This volume addresses both these issues in two thematic parts. The first part, “Categories and categorization”, consists of papers that tackle the problem of defining categories and mixed categories and its reflex on the inventory. The second part, “Issues in category change”, comprises investigations on category change, focusing on nominalizations, which is the test ground for a theory of category change and word formation. The papers included in this part discuss, among others, the similarities and mismatches between derived nominals and the corresponding verbs in terms of argument realization and eventive interpretation. The languages investigated in the volume include English, French, German, Greek, Japanese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish. This book targets researchers and advanced students in theoretical linguistics.
| Author | : Robert J. Glushko |
| Publisher | : "O'Reilly Media, Inc." |
| Total Pages | : 743 |
| Release | : 2014-08-25 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 1491911719 |
Note about this ebook: This ebook exploits many advanced capabilities with images, hypertext, and interactivity and is optimized for EPUB3-compliant book readers, especially Apple's iBooks and browser plugins. These features may not work on all ebook readers. We organize things. We organize information, information about things, and information about information. Organizing is a fundamental issue in many professional fields, but these fields have only limited agreement in how they approach problems of organizing and in what they seek as their solutions. The Discipline of Organizing synthesizes insights from library science, information science, computer science, cognitive science, systems analysis, business, and other disciplines to create an Organizing System for understanding organizing. This framework is robust and forward-looking, enabling effective sharing of insights and design patterns between disciplines that weren’t possible before. The Professional Edition includes new and revised content about the active resources of the "Internet of Things," and how the field of Information Architecture can be viewed as a subset of the discipline of organizing. You’ll find: 600 tagged endnotes that connect to one or more of the contributing disciplines Nearly 60 new pictures and illustrations Links to cross-references and external citations Interactive study guides to test on key points The Professional Edition is ideal for practitioners and as a primary or supplemental text for graduate courses on information organization, content and knowledge management, and digital collections. FOR INSTRUCTORS: Supplemental materials (lecture notes, assignments, exams, etc.) are available at http://disciplineoforganizing.org. FOR STUDENTS: Make sure this is the edition you want to buy. There's a newer one and maybe your instructor has adopted that one instead.
| Author | : Henri Cohen |
| Publisher | : Elsevier |
| Total Pages | : 1277 |
| Release | : 2017-06-03 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 0128097663 |
Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science, Second Edition presents the study of categories and the process of categorization as viewed through the lens of the founding disciplines of the cognitive sciences, and how the study of categorization has long been at the core of each of these disciplines. The literature on categorization reveals there is a plethora of definitions, theories, models and methods to apprehend this central object of study. The contributions in this handbook reflect this diversity. For example, the notion of category is not uniform across these contributions, and there are multiple definitions of the notion of concept. Furthermore, the study of category and categorization is approached differently within each discipline. For some authors, the categories themselves constitute the object of study, whereas for others, it is the process of categorization, and for others still, it is the technical manipulation of large chunks of information. Finally, yet another contrast has to do with the biological versus artificial nature of agents or categorizers. - Defines notions of category and categorization - Discusses the nature of categories: discrete, vague, or other - Explores the modality effects on categories - Bridges the category divide - calling attention to the bridges that have already been built, and avenues for further cross-fertilization between disciplines
| Author | : Kristel Van Goethem |
| Publisher | : John Benjamins Publishing Company |
| Total Pages | : 324 |
| Release | : 2018-03-15 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 902726435X |
Category change, broadly defined as the shift from one word class to another, is often studied as part of other changes, such as grammaticalization or lexicalization, but not in its own right. This volume offers a survey of different types of category change and their properties, e.g. abrupt versus gradual changes, morphological versus syntactic changes, or context-independent versus context-sensitive changes. The purpose of this collection of papers is to explore the concepts of linguistic category and category change from the perspective of Construction Grammar. Using data from a variety of languages, the authors address a number of themes that are central to current theorizing about category change, such as the question of whether or not categories should be considered discrete entities, how new categories arise, or whether category change can be considered as the emergence of a new construction, i.e. a new form-meaning pairing. The novel approach advanced in this volume will be of interest to historical linguists as well as to general linguists working on the nature of linguistic categories.
| Author | : Rodolphe Durrand |
| Publisher | : Emerald Group Publishing |
| Total Pages | : 413 |
| Release | : 2017-03-28 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 1787142388 |
This volume brings together some of the world’s leading scholars of market categorization. Together, their contributions depict categorization as both a cognitive and a social process, tightly connected to actors involved, their specific acts, the entity being categorized, and the context and timing which inform these activities.
| Author | : Damián Vergara Wilson |
| Publisher | : BRILL |
| Total Pages | : 255 |
| Release | : 2014-10-02 |
| Genre | : Language Arts & Disciplines |
| ISBN | : 9004274456 |
In Categorization and Constructional Change Damián Vergara Wilson uses the Spanish change-of-state construction quedar(se) + ADJ to analyze the impact of categorization on constructional change and productivity in data spanning eight centuries. In usage, the appearance of one adjective in the construction triggers the emergence of related ones through analogical extension propelling the expansion of semantic categories of adjectives. Categories develop in different ways reflecting the characteristics of their members in terms of semantics and conventionalization. Emergence tends to relate to the ability of one construction to attract adjective types away from another. This study gives insight into the cognitive status and complex evolution of a schematic construction in a way that supports an instance-based model of memory.
| Author | : Ellen M. Markman |
| Publisher | : MIT Press |
| Total Pages | : 268 |
| Release | : 1989 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 9780262631365 |
In this landmark work on early conceptual and lexical development, Ellen Markman challenges the fundamental assumptions of traditional theories of language acquisition and proposes a new notion of how children acquire categories.
| Author | : Geoffrey C. Bowker |
| Publisher | : MIT Press |
| Total Pages | : 390 |
| Release | : 2000-08-25 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 0262522950 |
A revealing and surprising look at how classification systems can shape both worldviews and social interactions. What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification—the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.
| Author | : David H. Rakison Assistant Professor of Psychology Carnegie Mellon University |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press, USA |
| Total Pages | : 472 |
| Release | : 2003-01-09 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 9780195349535 |
Whether or not infants' earliest perception of the world is a "blooming, buzzing, confusion," it is not long before they come to perceive structure and order among the objects and events around them. At the core of this process, and cognitive development in general, is the ability to categorize--to group events, objects, or properties together--and to form mental representations, or concepts, that encapsulate the commonalities and structure of these categories. Categorization is the primary means of coding experience, underlying not only perceptual and reasoning processes, but also inductive inference and language. The aim of this book is to bring together the most recent findings and theories about the origins and early development of categorization and conceptual abilities. Despite recent advances in our understanding of this area, a number of hotly debated issues remain at the center of the controversy over categorization. Researchers continue to ask questions such as: Which mechanisms for categorization are available at birth and which emerge later? What are the relative roles of perceptual similarity and nonobservable properties in early classification? What is the role of contextual variation in categorization by infants and children? Do different experimental procedures reveal the same kind of knowledge? Can computational models simulate infant and child categorization? How do computational models inform behavioral research? What is the impact of language on category development? How does language partition the world? This book is the first to address these and other key cuestions within a single volume. The authors present a diverse set of views representing cutting-edge empirical and theoretical advances in the field. The result is a thorough review of empirical contributions to the literature, and a wealth of fresh theoretical perspectives on early categorization.
| Author | : Einat Liebenthal |
| Publisher | : Frontiers Media SA |
| Total Pages | : 188 |
| Release | : 2017-05-03 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 2889451585 |
Perceptual categorization is fundamental to the brain’s remarkable ability to process large amounts of sensory information and efficiently recognize objects including speech. Perceptual categorization is the neural bridge between lower-level sensory and higher-level language processing. A long line of research on the physical properties of the speech signal as determined by the anatomy and physiology of the speech production apparatus has led to descriptions of the acoustic information that is used in speech recognition (e.g., stop consonants place and manner of articulation, voice onset time, aspiration). Recent research has also considered what visual cues are relevant to visual speech recognition (i.e., the visual counter-parts used in lipreading or audiovisual speech perception). Much of the theoretical work on speech perception was done in the twentieth century without the benefit of neuroimaging technologies and models of neural representation. Recent progress in understanding the functional organization of sensory and association cortices based on advances in neuroimaging presents the possibility of achieving a comprehensive and far reaching account of perception in the service of language. At the level of cell assemblies, research in animals and humans suggests that neurons in the temporal cortex are important for encoding biological categories. On the cellular level, different classes of neurons (interneurons and pyramidal neurons) have been suggested to play differential roles in the neural computations underlying auditory and visual categorization. The moment is ripe for a research topic focused on neural mechanisms mediating the emergence of speech representations (including auditory, visual and even somatosensory based forms). Important progress can be achieved by juxtaposing within the same research topic the knowledge that currently exists, the identified lacunae, and the theories that can support future investigations. This research topic provides a snapshot and platform for discussion of current understanding of neural mechanisms underlying the formation of perceptual categories and their relationship to language from a multidisciplinary and multisensory perspective. It includes contributions (reviews, original research, methodological developments) pertaining to the neural substrates, dynamics, and mechanisms underlying perceptual categorization and their interaction with neural processes governing speech perception.
