Case Studies of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation in India

Case Studies of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation in India
Author: Orus Ilyas
Publisher:
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2023
Genre: Habitat conservation
ISBN: 9781032342993
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"This volume brings together a collection of case studies examining wildlife ecology and conservation across India. The book explores and examines a wide range of fauna across different terrains and habitats in India, revealing key issues and concerns for biodiversity conservation, with a particular emphasis on the impact of humans and climate change. Cases are as wide ranging as tigers, leopards, sloth bears, pheasants, insects and birds, across a diverse range of landscapes, including forests, wetlands, nature reserves and even a university campus. Split into three parts, Part I focuses on how the distribution of animals is influenced by the availability of resources such as food, water, and space. Chapters examine key determinants, such as diet and prey and habitat preferences, with habitat loss also being an important factor. In Part II, chapters examine human-wildlife interactions, dealing with issues such as the impact of urbanization, the establishment of nature reserves and competition for resources. The book concludes with an examination of landscape ecology and conservation, with chapters in Part III focusing on habitat degradation, changes in land-use patterns and ecosystem management. Overall, the volume not only reflects the great breadth and depth of biodiversity in India, but offers important insights to the challenges facing biodiversity conservation not only in this region, but worldwide. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of wildlife ecology, conservation biology, biodiversity conservation and the environmental sciences more broadly"--

Case Studies of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation in India

Case Studies of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation in India
Author: Orus Ilyas
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Total Pages: 319
Release: 2022-11-10
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 1000777901
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This volume brings together a collection of case studies examining wildlife ecology and conservation across India. The book explores and examines a wide range of fauna across different terrains and habitats in India, revealing key issues and concerns for biodiversity conservation, with a particular emphasis on the impact of humans and climate change. Cases are as wide ranging as tigers, leopards, sloth bears, pheasants, insects and birds, across a diverse range of landscapes, including forests, wetlands, nature reserves and even a university campus. Split into three parts, Part I focuses on how the distribution of animals is influenced by the availability of resources such as food, water, and space. Chapters examine key determinants, such as diet and prey and habitat preferences, with habitat loss also being an important factor. In Part II, chapters examine human-wildlife interactions, dealing with issues such as the impact of urbanization, the establishment of nature reserves and competition for resources. The book concludes with an examination of landscape ecology and conservation, with chapters in Part III focusing on habitat degradation, changes in land-use patterns and ecosystem management. Overall, the volume not only reflects the great breadth and depth of biodiversity in India, but offers important insights to the challenges facing biodiversity conservation not only in this region, but worldwide. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of wildlife ecology, conservation biology, biodiversity conservation and the environmental sciences more broadly.

Trends in Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation and Management

Trends in Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation and Management
Author: B. B. Hosetti
Publisher: Daya Books
Total Pages: 352
Release: 2001
Genre: Nature conservation
ISBN: 9788170352587
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This book Trends in Wildlife Biodiversity and Conservation and Management has been edited in two volume, on most important aspects of wildlife. It contain 32 chapter contributed by many eminent scientists, officers and teachers from India and United Kingdom. Volume 1 contains information on the topics namely: Status of wildlife management in India, Karnataka, Bhadra wild life sanctuary in the Western Ghats, Parental care in asiatic elephants, Territory protection and scent marking in big cats, Child lifting wolves, Medicinal smuggling for tiger bones, Acoustic communication in anurans, Conflicts between man and elephants, Protection strategies for migratory birds, Mugger crocodiles of Dandell WLS, and Ornamental orchids of India. The Volume 2 comprises information on Basic concepts of biodiversity, Biodiversity of Drosophila, Ants in the Western Ghats, Biodiversity of hillstream fishes of Srinagar Garhwal-Himalaya, Medicinal plants of Western Ghats, Ecology of endangered Gangaitic dolphin, Problems and perspective of avian and vertebrate pest management, Deforestation problems in Santhal Pargana, Siberian cranes, Bird census methods and Role of Zoo s National Parks and Sanctuaries in the conservation and management of wildlife in India. These books apart from providing good references, these also serve as a guide and inspire future research on wildlife. The students, teachers, scientists and forest officers are expected to find this as a very useful source, in the field of wildlife studies. Vol 1 Chapter 1: Status of Wildlife Management in India: An Overview by B B Hosetti and Gina Caplen, Chapter 2: Wildlife Management in Karnataka: An Appraisal by Venkateshwarlu, M, Chapter 3: Conservation and Management of Wildlife in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka by Gina Caplen and Frost S, Chapter 4: Capative Breeding of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus): The Importance of Producing Socially Competent Animals by Paul A Rees, Chapter 5: Scent Marketing by Big Cats: Chemical Communication and Eco-ethological Implications by R L Brahmachari, Chapter 6: Child Lifting Wolves in India: A Strategy for Their Management and Control by Kishan Singh Rajpurohit, Chapter 7: Prospects and Perspectives of Project Tiger in India by B B Hosetti and B C Somanath, Chapter 8: Acoustic Communication in Indian Anurans by Ravishankar D Kanamadi, Chapter 9: Conflicts Between Man and Elephants by B B Hosetti, Chapter 10: Conservation and Management Strategy for the Water Flows of Minor Irrigation Tank Habitats and Their Importance as Stopover Sites in Dharwad District by J C Uttangi, Chapter 11: The Re-introduction of the Wolf (Canis lupus) and the Beaver (Castor fiber) into Scotland by Arjuna Korale and Stan Frost, Chapter 12: Ecology of Marsh Crocodile Crocodylus palustris in the Kali River of Western Ghat, Dandeli, Karnataka by S Basavarajappa, Chapter 13: Eco Biology of Weaver Brid Ploceus philippinus in the Western Ghat Area of B R Project by K L Naik and B B Hosetti, Chapter 14: Eco-ornithological Studies on Gudavi Bird Sanctuary Shimoga, Karnataka by B B Hosetti, Somanath B C and K L Naik, Chapter 15: Eco-biology of a Pentatomid Bug Cyclopelta cissifolia W. by B B Hosetti and Naveed A, Chapter 16: Ecology and Widlife Status of Orchids by Sulabha Phatak. Vol II Chapter 17: Biodiversity: An Introduction by Arvind N A and Dinesh Rao, Chapter 18: Biodiversity and Conservation of Ants: An Overview by T M Musthak Ali and A K Chakravarthy, Chapter 19: Biodiversity of Drosophila of South India by Hegde S N, Vasudev V and M S Krishna, Chapter 20: Biodiversity in Hillstream Fishes of Garhwal Himalaya: Their Food and Feeding Behaviour by N Singh and R Subbaraj, Chapter 21: Biodiversity of Threatened Species of Medicinal Plants in India: An Appraisal by P E Rajasekharan, Chapter 22: Ethological Studies of Dolpin (Platinista gangaitica) with Reference to Conservation Strategies by Arvind Kumar and A K Singh, Chapter 23: Impact of Deforestation on Wildlife Resources and their Conservation in Santal Pargana of Jharkhand Pradesh by P K Verma and Arvind Kumar, Chapter 24: Vertebrate Pest Management in Karnataka by A K Chakravarthy, Chapter 25: Shifting Cultivation (Jhooming) and Wildife Conservation: A Case Study from North-East India by A K Gupta, Chapter 26: Bird Depredation and Management in Karnataka by A K Chakravarthy, Chapter 27: Dooming Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary (MBS) Karnataka by M Venkteshwarlu and D C Savita, Chapter 28: The Conflicts Between Man and Birds by B B Hosetti and M B Nadoni, Chapter 29: Siberian Crane: Whether It Will Survive in the Next Century? by B H Bhaghya, Chapter 30: Bird Counting Methods by D S Sunil, Chapter 31: Glimpses of Earthworm Bioresources of India by G Tripathi and Poonam Bhardwaj, Chapter 32: Role of Indian Zoos, National Parks and Sanctuaries for Conservation of Some Wild Mammals by A Chakrabarthy, G R Saha and A K Panigrahi.

A Political Ecology of Forest Conservation in India

A Political Ecology of Forest Conservation in India
Author: Amrita Sen
Publisher: Routledge
Total Pages: 186
Release: 2021-11-25
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 1000477665
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This book critically explores the political ecology of human marginalization, wildlife conservation and the role of the state in politicizing conservation frameworks, drawing on examples from forests in India. The book specifically demonstrates the nuances within human-environmental linkages, by showing how environmental concerns are not only ecological in content but also political. In India a large part of the forests and their surrounding areas were inhabited far before they were designated as protected areas and inviolate zones, with the local population reliant on forests for their survival and livelihoods. Thus, socioecological conflicts between the forest dependents and official state bodies have been widespread. This book uses a political ecology lens to explore the complex interplay between current norms of forest conservation and environmental subjectivities, illustrating contemporary articulation of forest rights and the complex mediations between forest dependents and different state and non-state bodies in designing and implementing regulatory standards for wildlife and forest protection. It foregrounds the issues of identity, migration and cultural politics while discussing the politics of conservation. Through a political ecology approach, the book not only is human-centric but also makes significant use of the role of non-humans in foregrounding the conservation discourse, with a particular focus on tigers. The book will be of great interest to students and academics studying forest conservation, human–wildlife interactions and political ecology.

Concepts in Wildlife Management

Concepts in Wildlife Management
Author: B. B. Hosetti
Publisher: Daya Books
Total Pages: 344
Release: 2005
Genre: Endangered plants
ISBN: 9788170352976
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The Present Book Has Been Thoroughly Revised And Enlarged. Some New Chapters Like Status Of Wildlife Management In India, Extinction Organisms, Elephant Conservation Project, Wetland Management, Wetland Birds, Asian Water Fowl Census, Mysteries Of Migration, Basics And Theories Of Biodiversity, Recently Amended Wildlife Schedules, National And State Level Symbols Of Plants And Animals Are Incorporated. It Will Be One Of The Most Comprehensive Book Available So Far To The Readers That Deciphers The Information About Wildlife. This Book Is First Of Its Kind To Embody Subjects Like Integrated Concepts Of Ecosystem Management, Wildlife Conservation And Management, Ethical, Ecological And Recreational Importance Of Wildlife, Endangered Flora And Fauna Of India, Wildlife Zones, Special Conservation Schemes On Tiger, Elephant, Lion, Musk Deer, Brow Antler, Crocodile, Great Indian Bustard Etc., Protection Of Orchid And Butterflies Diversity, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Its Details, Important Methodologies About Environmental Impact Assessment And Government And Non-Government Organizations Concerned To The Protection Of Wildlife And Environmental Waste Auditing For Siting Industries. It Is Useful To The Students And Teachers Of Biological Sciences Of All The Colleges And Universities Of India. Contents Chapter 1: Wildlife Conservation And Management, General Importance, Causes For Endangering The Species, Important Zones In India, Protected Species Of India, Management Packages; Chapter 2: Status Of Wildlife Management In India, Introduction, Biological Diversity, The Current Status Of India S Wildlife, Floral Wealth, Endemic Plant Species, History Of Wildlife Management, India S Protected Area Network; Chapter 3: Endangered Flora And Fauna Of India; Introduction, General Background To The Problem Of Threat To Plant Species, Wildlife Zones For Flora, Himalaya And Eastern India, Rajasthan And Gujarat, Gangetic Plan, Peninsular India, Andaman And Nicobar, Lacunae In Our Understanding About Endangered Plants, Protection Strategies, Endangered Fauna Of India, Save Endangered Species, The Indian Scene, Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians; Chapter 4: Extinction Of Organisms, Introduction, Trends Of Extinction, Endangered Species, Species Characteristics And Extinction; Chapter 5: Special Conservation Schemes, Introduction, Project Tiger, Status Of Tiger In The World, Achievement Of The Project Tiger, Threat To The Tiger, Global Tiger Forum (Gtf), Gir Lion Sanctuary Project, Crocodile Breeding Project, Project Hangul, Himalayan Musk Deer-Ecology And Conservation Project, Shangi Or Manipur Brow-Antlered Deer Project Or Manipur Deer Project, Project Elephant, Project On Great Indian Bustard, Summary; Chapter 6: Management Of Rangelands, Forests And Wildlife Corridors, Types Of Rangelands, Plant Biomass, Productivity And Food Web; Characteristics Of Rangelands, Types Of Grazing Animals, Rangeland Conditions, Forests, Forest Types, Depletion Of Forests, Management Of Forests, Wildlife Corridors; Chapter 7: Wildlife Reserves And National Parks, Introduction, Protected Area Management Categories, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves; Chapter 8: Protection Of Orchids And Butterflies, Orchids, Historical Aspects, Present Status, Protection Measures, Butterflies, Insect Culturing, Butterfly Species Of India, Protection Measures; Chapter 9: Role Of Zoos, Parks And Sanctuaries For Conservation Of Wildlife, Introduction, Indian Scenario, Common Wild Animals In Indian Zoo, National Parks And Wildlife Sanctuaries, Legislation And Recommendations Of The Global Committee For Conservation, Feeds And Feeding Of Some Wild Mammals, Breeding Of Wild Mammals, Management Of Wild Animals, Healthcare Of Wild Mammals; Chapter 10: Management Of Wetland Birds, Introduction, Types Of Wetlands, Waterfowls, Population And Distribution, Habitat Use, Food And Feeding, Breeding Population, Management, Principles, Major Groups Of Wetland Birds, Specific Requirements, Identification Character; Chapter 11: Asian Waterfowl Census, Introduction, Asia-Pacific Migratory Waterbird Conservation Strategy 1996-2000, Awc Report On India, Criteria For Identifying Wetlands Of International Importance, Guidelines For Application Of The Criteria; Chapter 12: Ramsar Wetlands, Introduction, Distribution, Problems Faced By Lentic Systems, Wetland Conservation, Criteria For The Selection Of Unique Wetlands, Indian Wetlands, Case Study I: Chilika Lake System, Caset Study Ii: Kolleru Lake, Case Study Iii: Loktak Lake, Manipur, Case Study Iv: Navile Tank, Shimoga; Chapter 13: The Mysteries Of Migration, Migration Basics? Types Of Migration, Velocity And Altitude, Duration And Distance, Accuracy And Regularity, Bird Navigation, Threats To Migrating Birds, Methods Of Studying Bird Migration, Advantages Of Migration, Origin Of Migration; Chapter 14: Biodiversity: Conservation And Management, Preamble, Loss Of Biodiversity, Conservation Of Biodiversity, Ancient Methods Of Conservation, Current Methods Onf Conservation, Biotechnology And Biodiversity, Legal Aspects Of Biodiversity Conservation, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Biodiversity Conservation And Agenda-21, International Biodiversity Convention; Chapter 15: General Theories Of Biodiversity, Explanation To Species Richness Gradients, Co-Existence Of Species Of Santa Rosalina Concept, The Diversity: Stability Hypothesis; Chapter 16: The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Chapter Iii A-Protection Of Specified Plants, Chapter Iv-Sanctuaries, National Parks And Closed Areas; Chapter 17: The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972-Schedules, Schedule I-Part I-Mammals, Part Ii-Amphibians And Reptiles, Part Ii A-Fishes, Part Iii-Birds, Part Iv-Crustaceans And Insects, Part Iv A-Coelenterates, Part Iv B-Mollusca, Part Iv C-Echinodermata, Schedule Ii, Schedule Iii, Schedule Iv, Schedule Vi; Chapter 18: Wildlife Crimes, Introduction, Wildlife Crime, Prevention Of Wildlife Crimes, How Large Is Wildlife Crimes? Agencies To Stop Wildlife Crimes, Laws And Regulations Of Wildlife Crimes, What Is Cites, Export Consignment Check, Methods Of Smuggling, Methods Of Poaching, Collection Of Evidences, Conducting A Criminal Investigation, Investigating The Time Of Death, Identification Of Teeth And Claws, Identification Of Wounds, Postmortem, How To Go To Court; Chapter 19: Wwf-India And Bnhs/Ibcn, Introduction To Wwf-India, The Bombay Natural History Society (Bnhs), Hornbill House, The Society S Logo, Short-Term Projects And Field Studies, Conservation Education Centre, Indian Bird Conservation Network (Ibcn); Chapter 20: National And State Plants And Animals Of India; Chapter 21: Environmental Impact Assessment (Eia), General Aspects, Aim Of Eia, Contents Of Eia, Eia In India, Screening And Iee, Eia Report, Assessment Of Methodologies, Industries And Environmental Guidelines, Ecologically Sensitive Areas, Environmental Master Plan, A Case Study Of Human Impact On Himalayan Ecosystem; Chapter 22: Environmental Waste Auditing, Importance, Concept, Components, Objectives, Environmental Auditing In India, Form V.

Tropical Conservation

Tropical Conservation
Author: A. Alonso Aguirre
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 521
Release: 2017
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 0199766983
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The tropics and subtropics are home to about 75% of the global human population. Cultural, economic, and political circumstances vary enormously across this vast geography of some 170 countries and territories. The regions not only harbor the world's poorest countries but their human populations are growing disproportionally faster than in temperate zones. Some countries are developing rapidly -- Brazil, China, India, and Mexico being obvious examples, while others still remain in the poverty trap. This region contains an astonishing proportion of global biodiversity; some 90% of plant and animal species by some measures. Its contribution to human well-being is astounding. It was the birthplace for our species; and it hosts a myriad of plant and animal species which products feed us, keep us healthy, and supply us with a variety of material goods. The tropics and subtropics are also a natural laboratory where some of humanity's most important scientific discoveries have been made. Such biodiversity has enormous implications for research priorities, capacity building, and policy to address the challenges of conserving this region. Tropical Conservation: Perspectives on Local and Global Priorities drew the majority of its contributors from this growing pool of scientists and practitioners working in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. It introduces important conservation concepts and illustrates their application as the authors directly capture real world experiences in their home countries in preventing biodiversity loss and sustaining ecological health. Today, no part of the world can be viewed in isolation, and we further codify and integrate a range of approaches for addressing global threats to nature and environmental sustainability, including climate change and emerging diseases. Five sections structure the major themes.

Religion and Nature Conservation

Religion and Nature Conservation
Author: Radhika Borde
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Total Pages: 349
Release: 2022-10-31
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 100077189X
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This book presents a broad array of global case studies exploring the interaction between religion and the conservation of nature, from the viewpoints of the religious practitioners themselves. With conservation and religion often being championed as allies in the quest for a sustainable world where humans and nature flourish, this book provides a much-needed compendium of detailed examples where religion and conservation science have been brought together. Case studies cover a variety of religions, faiths and practices, including traditional, Indigenous, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto and Zoroastrianism. Importantly, this volume gives voice to the religious practitioners and adherents themselves. Beyond an exercise in anthropology, ethnobiology and comparative religion, the book is an applied work, seeking the answer to how in a world of nearly eight billion people, we might help our own species to prevent the extinction of life. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of nature conservation, environment and religion, cultural geography and ethnobiology, as well as practitioners and professionals working in conservation.

Indian Wildlife Resources Ecology and Development

Indian Wildlife Resources Ecology and Development
Author: Budh Dev Sharma
Publisher:
Total Pages: 278
Release: 1999-01-01
Genre: Animal ecology
ISBN: 9788170352020
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The book is an edited form of many interesting contributions about the vanishing scenario of Indian Wildlife ecology, conservation and resource development. Several experts have given their contributions in this book on ecology, conservation economic and applied aspects of Indian wildlife resources and their development. Of the special interest are the contributions regarding the eco-diversity of wildlife resources, habitat conservation and management, birds of prey, barn owl ecology and conservation. The text also contains comprehensive contributions on wildlife pests, predators, parasites ecology and also ecotourism. In its present form the book combines the best features of both an invaluable reference and source book on the subject. It provides a base for future researches and also stimulates deep interest for wildlife conservation. It contains essential source material for the students, teachers and the researchers interested in Indian wildlife and Resource development. Section I: Ecology and Conservation of Wildlife Elements Chapter 1: Wilderness, Wildlife and Ecology: An Overview by B K Behura, Chapter 2: Why Conserve Wildlife? by B K Behura, Chapter 3: The Conservation of Snake Fauna of India by T S N Murthy, Chapter 4; Venomous Snakes of North-East India by R Mathew, Chapter 5: Are the Marine Turtles Threatened? The Indian Ocean Regional Scenario by A Yogamoorthy and D Selvi, Chapter 6: Diversity and Bio Ecology of Bird Life in Upper Reaches of the Neora Valley National Park, West Bengal, India by A Mukhopadhyay, D Das, G G Biswas and A K Mukherjee, Chapter 7: The Bioecology of Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella brevirostris (Cetacea: Orcaelidae) by B K Behura, Chapter 8: Widlife Health Management in India by B P Joshi, Chapter 9: Notes on Indian Birds of Prey by K D Singh, Chapter 10: Barn Owl: Ecology and Conservation by R Nagarajan, P Neelanarayanan and R Kankasabai, Chapter 11: A 20 Years Study of Sparrow Hawks in Britain by I Newton: A Guest Contribution, Chapter 12: Rhino Habitat in West Bengal by Tathagata Bhattacharayya and Jajati Bhattacharyya, Chapter 13: Jaipur Monkeys: Perspective of Ecology and Management by B Ram Manohar, Chapter 14: Eco-conservation of Hill Areas: The Challenges and Proposals by B D Sharma, Chapter 15: The Horse-shoe Crabs of the Orissa Coast by B K Behura. Section II: Wildlife Pests Predators and Predators Ecology Chapter 16: Predator Problems in Indian Wildlife and their Management by K K Gupta, Chapter 17: Indigenous Methods of Crop Protection from Wildlife Pests and Predators by Satish Kumar Sharma, Chapter 18: In Search of Filarial Infection in Indian Jungel Crow by R K Chatterjee and Shalija Misra. Section III: Wildlife Ecotourism, Economic and Applied Aspect Chapter 19: Eco-tourism for Conservation of Mountain Environment by R Yadav, Chapter 20: Potential of Non-Wood Forest Products in Improving the Tribal and Rural Economy by C L Goel and A K Sharma, Chapter 21: The Irula Venom Centre-India by Romulus Whaitaker and Harry Andrews, Chapter 22: Traditional Methods of Rodent Control Used by Tribals of Rajasthan by Satish Kumar Sharma, Chapter 23: Insects of Importance in Agro-Industry and Commerce by B K Behura.

Shifting Ground

Shifting Ground
Author: Mahesh Rangarajan
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 397
Release: 2014-11-06
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 019908937X
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Environmental history of India has developed as an important field of inquiry in the last twenty-five years. While providing major insights, the existing scholarship has primarily focused on drawing sharp lines of distinction - those between geographical spaces (forest, rivers, farms), people (herders, farmers, townspeople), eras (colonial, post-colonial) and so on. The limitations of these sharp divides are brought to the forefront when there is a critical engagement with the region's contested environmental past. Shifting Ground brings together an array of essays that pose critical questions regarding India's environmental past and the way it has been approached by scholars. From debunking the idea of a primeval, pristine forest cover, to analysing the dynamics that shape human-animal relations, to examining the conflicts created by post-Independence projects of rural development and conservation - this volume touches upon the various aspects of environmental studies and juxtaposes them with social history, history of science and technology and history of trade and culture. Drawing on original case studies the book not only explores the past, but also portrays how its traditions are often invoked to be deployed in contemporary conflicts - those that are often aggravated by the pressures on natural assets created by the recent prosperity and the vaulting aspirations of a rapidly expanding Indian middle class.

Battles Over Nature

Battles Over Nature
Author: Vasant K. Saberwal
Publisher: Orient Blackswan
Total Pages: 428
Release: 2009
Genre: Nature conservation
ISBN: 9788178241418
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In This Book Biologists, Sociologists, Historians And Activists Come Together To Search Out Solutions To The Key Problems Of Contemporary Conservation Practices. Focusing On India, But Also Exploring Comparable Situations In Africa, This Book Makes The Case For A Better Exploration Of This Niddle Ground, And Argues For A Need To Involve Not Just Urban Enthusiasts, Scientists And Foresters But Also The Villager.