Issues in Risk Assessment

Issues in Risk Assessment
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 375
Release: 1993-02-01
Genre: Science
ISBN: 0309047862

The scientific basis, inference assumptions, regulatory uses, and research needs in risk assessment are considered in this two-part volume. The first part, Use of Maximum Tolerated Dose in Animal Bioassays for Carcinogenicity, focuses on whether the maximum tolerated dose should continue to be used in carcinogenesis bioassays. The committee considers several options for modifying current bioassay procedures. The second part, Two-Stage Models of Carcinogenesis, stems from efforts to identify improved means of cancer risk assessment that have resulted in the development of a mathematical dose-response model based on a paradigm for the biologic phenomena thought to be associated with carcinogenesis.

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Total Pages: 434
Release: 1996-03-12
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 0309053919

Despite increasing knowledge of human nutrition, the dietary contribution to cancer remains a troubling question. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens assembles the best available information on the magnitude of potential cancer riskâ€"and potential anticarcinogenic effectâ€"from naturally occurring chemicals compared with risk from synthetic chemical constituents. The committee draws important conclusions about diet and cancer, including the carcinogenic role of excess calories and fat, the anticarcinogenic benefit of fiber and other substances, and the impact of food additive regulation. The book offers recommendations for epidemiological and diet research. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens provides a readable overview of issues and addresses critical questions: Does diet contribute to an appreciable proportion of human cancer? Are there significant interactions between carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the diet? The volume discusses the mechanisms of carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties and considers whether techniques used to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of synthetics can be used with naturally occurring chemicals. The committee provides criteria for prioritizing the vast number of substances that need to be tested. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens clarifies the issues and sets the direction for further investigations into diet and cancer. This volume will be of interest to anyone involved in food and health issues: policymakers, regulators, researchers, nutrition professionals, and health advocates.

Carcinogenic Potency Database; Endocrine Disruptors

Carcinogenic Potency Database; Endocrine Disruptors
Author: L. S. Gold
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Total Pages: 130
Release: 2000-03
Genre:
ISBN: 0788185365

Papers include: supp. to the carcinogenic potency database (CPD): results of animal bioassays published in 1993 to 1994; supplemental plot of the CPD; workshop on characterizing the effects of endocrine disruptors on human health at environmental exposure levels; an approach to the development of quantitative models to assess the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant levels of endocrine disruptors on homeostasis in adults; evaluating the effects of endocrine disruptors on endocrine function during development; and species, interindividual, and tissue specificity in endocrine signaling. Illustrated.

How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease

How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease
Author: United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General
Publisher:
Total Pages: 728
Release: 2010
Genre: Government publications
ISBN:

This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Handbook of Carcinogenic Potency and Genotoxicity Databases

Handbook of Carcinogenic Potency and Genotoxicity Databases
Author: Lois Swirsky Gold
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 840
Release: 1996-11-26
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9781439810644

This unique new reference contains the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB), which analyzes results of decades of animal cancer tests, including all Technical Reports of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the general published literature. A guide to the literature of animal cancer tests, the CPDB includes references to each published experiment and never-before published analyses. For each of 5,000 long-term experiments on 1,300 chemicals, the user-friendly format includes data on the species, strain, and sex of the test animal; features of experimental protocol such as the route of administration, duration of dosing, dose levels, and duration of the experiment; histopathology and tumor incidence; the shape of the dose-response curve; published author's opinion about the carcinogenicity at each site; and reference to the original publication of the test results. In addition, a measure of carcinogenic potency, the TD50, its statistical significance and confidence limits, are given for each tumor site. An overview is provided of earlier publication updates, such as positivity rates, reproducibility, interspecies extrapolation, and ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. The book also includes a summary of the NTP genetic toxicity test results on 1,500 chemicals, which are referenced to the original publications, including the Salmonella (Ames) test, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutation test, chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange tests in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, and the sex-linked recessive lethal mutation test in Drosophila melanogaster. An index with chemicals listed by CAS number allows cross referencing between the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity databases, making data easy to find.

Mutagenic Impurities

Mutagenic Impurities
Author: Andrew Teasdale
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 548
Release: 2022-02-15
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 1119551218

Learn to implement effective control measures for mutagenic impurities in pharmaceutical development In Mutagenic Impurities: Strategies for Identification and Control, distinguished chemist Andrew Teasdale delivers a thorough examination of mutagenic impurities and their impact on the pharmaceutical industry. The book incorporates the adoption of the ICH M7 guideline and focuses on mutagenic impurities from both a toxicological and analytical perspective. The editor has created a primary reference for any professional or student studying or working with mutagenic impurities and offers readers a definitive narrative of applicable guidelines and practical, tested solutions. It demonstrates the development of effective control measures, including chapters on the purge tool for risk assessment. The book incorporates a discussion of N-Nitrosamines which was arguably the largest mutagenic impurity issue ever faced by the pharmaceutical industry, resulting in the recall of Zantac and similar drugs resulting from N-Nitrosamine contamination. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the development of regulatory guidelines for mutagenic and genotoxic impurities, including a historical perspective on the development of the EMEA guidelines and the ICH M7 guideline An exploration of in silico assessment of mutagenicity, including use of structure activity relationship evaluation as a tool in the evaluation of the genotoxic potential of impurities A discussion of a toxicological perspective on mutagenic impurities, including the assessment of mutagenicity and examining the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of common synthetic reagents Perfect for chemists, analysts, and regulatory professionals, Mutagenic Impurities: Strategies for Identification and Control will also earn a place in the libraries of toxicologists and clinical safety scientists seeking a one-stop reference on the subject of mutagenic impurity identification and control.

Regulatory Toxicology

Regulatory Toxicology
Author: Franz-Xaver Reichl
Publisher: Springer
Total Pages: 0
Release: 2014-03-27
Genre: Medical
ISBN: 9783642353734

This book will be written by experts for professionals, scientists and all those involved in toxicological data generation and decision-making. It is the updated and expanded version of a monograph published in German in 2004. Chemical safety is regulated on various levels including production, storage, transport, handling, disposal or labelling. This book deals comprehensively with the safety-ensuring methods and concepts employed by regulatory agencies, industry and academics. Toxicologists use experimental and scientific approaches for data collection, e.g. about chemical hazards, physicochemical features or toxicokinetics. The respective experimental methods are described in the book. Toxicologists also deal with much insecurity in the exposure and effect scenarios during risk assessment. To overcome these, they have different extrapolation methods and estimation procedures at their disposal. The book describes these methods in an accessible manner. Differing concepts from one regulation area to another are also covered. Reasons and consequences become evident when reading the book. Altogether, the book Regulatory Toxicology will serve as an excellent reference.