California's 1961 Fire Weather Brings Near-Record Losses (Classic Reprint)

California's 1961 Fire Weather Brings Near-Record Losses (Classic Reprint)
Author: Arthur R. Pirsko
Publisher: Forgotten Books
Total Pages: 22
Release: 2018-01-12
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9780428922856

Excerpt from California's 1961 Fire Weather Brings Near-Record Losses Figure 1. Annual precipitation for a five-year period in 10 selected areas. The warm pattern was broken temporarily in late July as the ridge moved off the coast, but it returned strongly again in August. Also in August, the moist tongue of air which.norma11y extends from the Gulf of Mexico across the Southwest this time of the year shifted westward, caus ing an unusually large number of lightning storms in California. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Weather Conditions and Forest Fires in California (Classic Reprint)

Weather Conditions and Forest Fires in California (Classic Reprint)
Author: Stuart Bevier Show
Publisher: Forgotten Books
Total Pages: 32
Release: 2018-01-14
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780483110403

Excerpt from Weather Conditions and Forest Fires in California Comparing further the evaporation and the humidity records, it is found that days of equal evaporation may be either days of low relative humidity and low wind movement, or days of high relative humidit and high wind movement. Whether or not such days are of equa importance so far as fires are concerned is at least open to question. The evaporation records generally do not show as high peaks in September as in June, although the fire history demon strates conclusively that the September periods are incomparably worse than those earlier in the year. The investigations of evapora tion from water surface have shown conclusively the importance of sunshine in the evaporations formulae; and this may be the factor that is operative in our records since obviously the number of hours of sunshine per day is considerably less in September than in June. At any rate, it is by no means proved that evaporation is anything more than a general indicator of fire hazard. However, it is undoubtedly true that within a short period, when evaporation is increasing, fire hazard likewise is increasing, but not necessarily in the same ratio in which the evaporation changes. If a longer record is considered, as for an entire fire season, it does not follow at all that days of equal evaporation represent days of equal fire hazard. In general, it may be fairly said of evaporation records that the days of highest evaporation do not always correspond to the days of greatest fire hazard. In many of the records, although days of great fire hazard correspond to peaks of evaporation, these peaks are not necessarily the highest of the season. It was believed originally that it would be possible to establish absolute rates of evaporation as indicating different degrees of fire hazard. An examination of the data at hand does not permit any such distinction to be made. Some of the highest absolute rates are attained at points of considerable elevation and relatively low rates at points in the foothill and lower forest region. The value of the evaporation data would seem to lie purely in the direction and gen eral elevation of the curve. Any fine-drawn attempts to establish a mathematical basis of forecasting is going far beyond the capacities of the present instruments. The data are, however, of the highest value in post-season studies, and undoubtedly a series of records over a period of years may prove of decided advantage in deter mining the relative difficulty of handling fires in the different seasons and in deciding whether any long-time fluctuations, as demanded by the sun-spot theory, have taken place. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The 1961 Fire Season in the Pacific Northwest (Classic Reprint)

The 1961 Fire Season in the Pacific Northwest (Classic Reprint)
Author: Owen P. Cramer
Publisher: Forgotten Books
Total Pages: 34
Release: 2018-03-20
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 9780364428627

Excerpt from The 1961 Fire Season in the Pacific Northwest The 1961 fire season was more severe than normal in east central Washington and northeast Oregon, slightly less severe than normal-in south-central Oregon, and near normal in western portions of Oregon and Washington. The season was slightly less severe than 1960, except in northeast Oregon where the 2 years were equally bad, and in western Washington where this year was worse than last. Notable were the record number of rainless days during the summer in western Washington, the large number of days with thunderstorms over the national forests east of the Cascades, and uncommonly hot temperatures through June and August (fig. The 1961 season started early west of the Cascades with a prolonged period in January of dry and comparatively warm east winds. The fire season proper began in April and May with typical temperature and rainfall throughout the region, but changed abruptly in June to extraordinary high temperature and below-average rainfall. Spring fire-weather severity varied from below average in western Washington to near average around the rest of the region Summer, with higher than usual temperature in July, an exceedingly hot August, and typical insignificant amounts of rainfall, was generally more severe than usual, particularly in northeast Oregon. Summer fire weather was below average in severity in south-central Oregon. Fall slash burning conditions were generally quite favorable, with alternating periods of rain and dry weather in September and October. Though October was generally cool with the usual rainfall, fall fire weather was more severe than normal, except in south-central Oregon and western Washington where conditions were near average. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

East of Eden

East of Eden
Author: John Steinbeck
Publisher: Penguin
Total Pages: 612
Release: 2002-02-05
Genre: Fiction
ISBN: 1440631328

A masterpiece of Biblical scope, and the magnum opus of one of America’s most enduring authors, in a commemorative hardcover edition In his journal, Nobel Prize winner John Steinbeck called East of Eden "the first book," and indeed it has the primordial power and simplicity of myth. Set in the rich farmland of California's Salinas Valley, this sprawling and often brutal novel follows the intertwined destinies of two families—the Trasks and the Hamiltons—whose generations helplessly reenact the fall of Adam and Eve and the poisonous rivalry of Cain and Abel. The masterpiece of Steinbeck’s later years, East of Eden is a work in which Steinbeck created his most mesmerizing characters and explored his most enduring themes: the mystery of identity, the inexplicability of love, and the murderous consequences of love's absence. Adapted for the 1955 film directed by Elia Kazan introducing James Dean, and read by thousands as the book that brought Oprah’s Book Club back, East of Eden has remained vitally present in American culture for over half a century.

Democracy and Education

Democracy and Education
Author: John Dewey
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Total Pages: 456
Release: 1916
Genre: Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN:

. Renewal of Life by Transmission. The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing. As long as it endures, it struggles to use surrounding energies in its own behalf. It uses light, air, moisture, and the material of soil. To say that it uses them is to say that it turns them into means of its own conservation. As long as it is growing, the energy it expends in thus turning the environment to account is more than compensated for by the return it gets: it grows. Understanding the word "control" in this sense, it may be said that a living being is one that subjugates and controls for its own continued activity the energies that would otherwise use it up. Life is a self-renewing process through action upon the environment.

Atmospheric Rivers

Atmospheric Rivers
Author: F. Martin Ralph
Publisher: Springer Nature
Total Pages: 284
Release: 2020-07-10
Genre: Science
ISBN: 3030289060

This book is the standard reference based on roughly 20 years of research on atmospheric rivers, emphasizing progress made on key research and applications questions and remaining knowledge gaps. The book presents the history of atmospheric-rivers research, the current state of scientific knowledge, tools, and policy-relevant (science-informed) problems that lend themselves to real-world application of the research—and how the topic fits into larger national and global contexts. This book is written by a global team of authors who have conducted and published the majority of critical research on atmospheric rivers over the past years. The book is intended to benefit practitioners in the fields of meteorology, hydrology and related disciplines, including students as well as senior researchers.

Firestorm

Firestorm
Author: Edward Struzik
Publisher: Island Press
Total Pages: 271
Release: 2017-10-05
Genre: Nature
ISBN: 1610918185

"Frightening...Firestorm comes alive when Struzik discusses the work of offbeat scientists." —New York Times Book Review "Comprehensive and compelling." —Booklist "A powerful message." —Kirkus "Should be required reading." —Library Journal For two months in the spring of 2016, the world watched as wildfire ravaged the Canadian town of Fort McMurray. Firefighters named the fire “the Beast.” It acted like a mythical animal, alive with destructive energy, and they hoped never to see anything like it again. Yet it’s not a stretch to imagine we will all soon live in a world in which fires like the Beast are commonplace. A glance at international headlines shows a remarkable increase in higher temperatures, stronger winds, and drier lands– a trifecta for igniting wildfires like we’ve rarely seen before. This change is particularly noticeable in the northern forests of the United States and Canada. These forests require fire to maintain healthy ecosystems, but as the human population grows, and as changes in climate, animal and insect species, and disease cause further destabilization, wildfires have turned into a potentially uncontrollable threat to human lives and livelihoods. Our understanding of the role fire plays in healthy forests has come a long way in the past century. Despite this, we are not prepared to deal with an escalation of fire during periods of intense drought and shorter winters, earlier springs, potentially more lightning strikes and hotter summers. There is too much fuel on the ground, too many people and assets to protect, and no plan in place to deal with these challenges. In Firestorm, journalist Edward Struzik visits scorched earth from Alaska to Maine, and introduces the scientists, firefighters, and resource managers making the case for a radically different approach to managing wildfire in the 21st century. Wildfires can no longer be treated as avoidable events because the risk and dangers are becoming too great and costly. Struzik weaves a heart-pumping narrative of science, economics, politics, and human determination and points to the ways that we, and the wilder inhabitants of the forests around our cities and towns, might yet flourish in an age of growing megafires.