"In September 1987, the first workshop on Artificial Life was held at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Jointly sponsored by the Center for Nonlinear Studies, the Santa Fe Institute, and Apple Computer Inc, the workshop brought together 160 computer scientists, biologists, physicists, anthropologists, and other assorted ""-ists,"" all of whom shared a common interest in the simulation and synthesis of living systems. During five intense days, we saw a wide variety of models of living systems, including mathematical models for the origin of life, self-reproducing automata, computer programs using the mechanisms of Darwinian evolution to produce co-adapted ecosystems, simulations of flocking birds and schooling fish, the growth and development of artificial plants, and much, much more The workshop itself grew out of my frustration with the fragmented nature of the literature on biological modeling and simulation. For years I had prowled around libraries, shifted through computer-search results, and haunted bookstores, trying to get an overview of a field which I sensed existed but which did not seem to have any coherence or unity. Instead, I literally kept stumbling over interesting work almost by accident, often published in obscure journals if published at all."