Arctic Drift
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| Author | : Matti Leppäranta |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 370 |
| Release | : 2011-03-22 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3642046835 |
The Second Edition of The Drift of Sea Ice presents the fundamental laws of sea ice drift which come from the material properties of sea ice and the basic laws of mechanics. The resulting system of equations is analysed for the general properties of sea ice drift, the free drift model and analytical models for ice drift in the presence of internal friction, and the construction of numerical ice drift models is detailed. This second edition of a much lauded work, unique on this topic in the English language, has been revised, updated and expanded with much new information and outlines recent results, in particular in relation to the climate problem, mathematical modelling and ice engineering applications. The current book presents the theory, observations, mathematical modelling techniques, and applications of sea ice drift science. The theory is presented from the beginning on a graduate student level, so that students and researchers coming from other fields such as physical oceanography, meteorology, physics, engineering, environmental sciences or geography can use the book as a source book or self-study material. First the drift ice material is presented ending with the concept of ‘ice state’ – the relevant properties in sea ice dynamics. Ice kinematics observations are widely presented with the mathematical analysis methods, and thereafter come drift ice rheology – to close the triangle material – kinematics – stress. The momentum equation of sea ice is derived in detail and its general properties are carefully analysed. Then follow two chapters on analytical models: free drift and drift in the presence of internal friction: These are very important tools in understanding the dynamical behaviour of sea ice. The last topical chapter is numerical models, which are the modern tool to solve ice dynamics problem in short term and long term problems. The closing chapter summarises sea ice dynamics applications and the need of sea ice dynamic knowledge and gives some final remarks on the future of this branch of science.
| Author | : Ivan E. Frolov |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 305 |
| Release | : 2006-08-25 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 3540376658 |
A group of authors from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St Petersburg, Russia, have all achieved individual doctoral theses on various aspects of Arctic and Antarctic research. This book is written by experienced group of researchers and authors.
| Author | : Jerome Weiss |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 95 |
| Release | : 2013-03-14 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 940076202X |
Sea ice is a major component of polar environments, especially in the Arctic where it covers the entire Arctic Ocean throughout most of the year. However, in the context of climate change, the Arctic sea ice cover has been declining significantly over the last decades, either in terms of its concentration or thickness. The sea ice cover evolution and climate change are strongly coupled through the albedo positive feedback, thus possibly explaining the Arctic amplification of climate warming. In addition to thermodynamics, sea ice kinematics (drift, deformation) appears as an essential factor in the evolution of the ice cover through a reduction of the average ice age (and consequently of the cover's thickness), or ice export out of the Arctic. This is a first motivation for a better understanding of the kinematical and mechanical processes of sea ice. A more upstream, theoretical motivation is a better understanding of the brittle deformation of geophysical objects across a wide range of scales. Indeed, owing to its very strong kinematics, compared e.g. to the Earth’s crust, an unrivaled kinematical data set is available for sea ice from in situ (e.g. drifting buoys) or satellite observations. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of sea ice drift, deformation and fracturing obtained from these data. We focus particularly on the scaling properties in time and scale that characterize these processes, and we emphasize the analogies that can be drawn from the deformation of the Earth’s crust. These scaling properties, which are the signature of long-range elastic interactions within the cover, constrain future developments in the modeling of sea ice mechanics. We also show that kinematical and rheological variables such as average velocity, average strain-rate or strength have significantly changed over the last decades, accompanying and actually accelerating the Arctic sea ice decline.
| Author | : Victor Appleton |
| Publisher | : Grosset & Dunlap |
| Total Pages | : 232 |
| Release | : 1920 |
| Genre | : Adventure and adventurers |
| ISBN | : |
Tom Swift and his friend accept an assignment to salvage treasure from a wrecked ship.
| Author | : Clive Cussler |
| Publisher | : Penguin |
| Total Pages | : 450 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Fiction |
| ISBN | : 0399167315 |
"The tenth entry in the NUMA Files series, by the author of ZERO HOUR and THE STORM"--
| Author | : Theodore Taylor |
| Publisher | : HarperCollins |
| Total Pages | : 234 |
| Release | : 2006-03-01 |
| Genre | : Juvenile Fiction |
| ISBN | : 0547540612 |
The year is 1868, and fourteen-year-old Alika and his younger brother, Sulu, are hunting for seals on an ice floe attached to their island in the Arctic. Suddenly the ice starts to shake, and they hear a loud crack--the terrible sound of the floe breaking free from land. The boys watch with horror as the dark expanse of water between the ice and the shore rapidly widens, and they start drifting south--away from their home, their family, and everything they've ever known. Throughout their six-month-long journey down the Greenland Strait, the brothers face bitter cold, starvation, and most frightening of all, vicious polar bears. But they still remain hopeful that one day they'll be rescued. This thrilling new adventure story from bestselling author Theodore Taylor is a moving testament to the bond between brothers--and to the strength of the human spirit. Includes a map, a glossary of Inuit words and phrases, and an author's note..
| Author | : Clive Cussler |
| Publisher | : Bantam |
| Total Pages | : 434 |
| Release | : 2014-11-11 |
| Genre | : Fiction |
| ISBN | : 0553394924 |
In the midst of an international crisis, Heidi Milligan, a beautiful, brilliant American naval commander, accidentally discovers an obscure reference to the long-buried North American Treaty, a precedent-shattering secret pact between the United States and Great Britain. The President believes that the treaty offers the single shot at salvation for an energy-starved, economically devastated nation, but the only two copies plummeted into the watery depths of the Atlantic in twin disasters long ago. The original document must be found—and the one American who can do the job is Dirk Pitt. But in London, a daring counterplot is being orchestrated to see that the treaty is never implemented. Brian Shaw, a master spy who has often worked hand in hand with American agents, now confronts his most challenging command. Pitt’s mission: Raise the North American Treaty. Shaw’s mission: Stop Pitt. Praise for Night Probe! and the Dirk Pitt® novels “A rich tale . . . an absorbing, carefully told mystery with plenty of surprises.”—Los Angeles Times “Dirk Pitt is a combination James Bond and Jacques Cousteau.”—New York Daily News
| Author | : Charles W. Johnson |
| Publisher | : ForeEdge from University Press of New England |
| Total Pages | : 335 |
| Release | : 2014-10-07 |
| Genre | : History |
| ISBN | : 1611686040 |
In the golden age of polar exploration (from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s), many an expedition set out to answer the big questionÑwas the Arctic a continent, an open ocean beyond a barrier of ice, or an ocean covered with ice? No one knew, for the ice had kept its secret well; ships trying to penetrate it all failed, often catastrophically. NorwayÕs charismatic scientist-explorer Fridtjof Nansen, convinced that it was a frozen ocean, intended to prove it in a novel if risky way: by building a ship capable of withstanding the ice, joining others on an expedition, then drifting wherever it took them, on a relentless one-way journey into discovery and fame . . . or oblivion. Ice Ship is the story of that extraordinary ship, the Fram, from conception to construction, through twenty years of three epic expeditions, to its final resting place as a museum. It is also the story of the extraordinary men who steered the Fram over the course of 84,000 miles: on a three-year, ice-bound drift, finding out what the Arctic really was; in a remarkable four-year exploration of unmapped lands in the vast Canadian Arctic; and on a twoÐyear voyage to Antarctica, where another famous Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen, claimed the South Pole. Ice Ship will appeal to all those fascinated with polar exploration, maritime adventure, and wooden ships, and will captivate readers of such books as The Endurance, In the Heart of the Sea, and The Last Place on Earth. With more than 100 original photographs, the book brings the Fram to life and light.
| Author | : American Geographical Society of New York |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 378 |
| Release | : 1928 |
| Genre | : Geography |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Grant Redvers |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 336 |
| Release | : 2010-08 |
| Genre | : Arctic regions |
| ISBN | : 9780986459313 |
Tara Arctic is about the expedition Grant Redvers led aboard Tara, formerly Sir Peter Blake's Seamaster, which drifted, frozen solid in pack ice, in the Arctic for 18 months during 2006-08. The expedition was a significant part of Damocles, the leading project for the European Union within the fourth International Polar Year. Damocles aimed to observe, understand, and quantify the Arctic climate changes to assist global warming decision-making. Grant Redvers was leader during the whole expedition. There was a changing complement of 22 scientists and seamen on board during the 18 months. As the Tara expedition was a French initiative, there were 15 Frenchmen as well as three Russians and one crew member from Estonia, Norway and the USA. An article in the prestigious magazine, Nature, discussing the expedition, said: " ....on 28 May 2007, the ship came closer to the geographic North Pole than any ship ever before. At a latitude of 88 degrees and 32 minutes north, the Tara was just 160 kilometres away from the pole. That was not the only remarkable aspect about this expedition ...."
