Approaches To Legal Ontologies
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| Author | : Giovanni Sartor |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 284 |
| Release | : 2010-12-25 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 9400701209 |
The book provides the reader with a unique source regarding the current theoretical landscape in legal ontology engineering as well as on foreseeable future trends for the definition of conceptual structures to enhance the automatic processing and retrieval of legal information in the Semantic Web framework. It will thus interest researchers in the domains of the SW, legal informatics, Artificial Intelligence and law, legal theory and legal philosophy, as well as developers of e-government applications based on the intelligent management of legal or public information to provide both back-office and front-office support.
| Author | : V. Richard Benjamins |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 259 |
| Release | : 2005-02-09 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3540322531 |
by Roberto Cencioni At the Lisbon Summit in March 2000, European heads of state and government set a new goal for the European Union — to become the most competitive knowled- based society in the world by 2010. As part of this objective, ICT (information and communication technologies) services should become available for every citizen, and for all schools, homes and businesses. The book you have in front of you is about Semantic Web technology and law. Law is something omnipresent; all citizens — at some points in their lives — have to deal with it. In addition, law involves a large group of professionals, and is a mul- billion business world wide. Information technology is important because it that can improve citizens’ interaction with law, as well as improve legal professionals’ work environment. Legal professionals dedicate a significant amount of their time to finding, reading, analyzing and synthesizing information in order to take decisions, and prepare advice and trials, among other tasks. As part of the “Semantic-Based Knowledge and Content Systems” Strategic Objective, the European Commission is funding projects to construct technology to make the Semantic Web vision come true. 1 The articles in this book are related to two current foci of the Strategic Objective : • Knowledge acquisition and modelling, capturing knowledge from raw information and multimedia content in webs and other distributed repositories to turn poorly structured information into machi- processable knowledge.
| Author | : Núria Casellas |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 315 |
| Release | : 2011-08-12 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 9400714971 |
Enabling information interoperability, fostering legal knowledge usability and reuse, enhancing legal information search, in short, formalizing the complexity of legal knowledge to enhance legal knowledge management are challenging tasks, for which different solutions and lines of research have been proposed. During the last decade, research and applications based on the use of legal ontologies as a technique to represent legal knowledge has raised a very interesting debate about their capacity and limitations to represent conceptual structures in the legal domain. Making conceptual legal knowledge explicit would support the development of a web of legal knowledge, improve communication, create trust and enable and support open data, e-government and e-democracy activities. Moreover, this explicit knowledge is also relevant to the formalization of software agents and the shaping of virtual institutions and multi-agent systems or environments. This book explores the use of ontologism in legal knowledge representation for semantically-enhanced legal knowledge systems or web-based applications. In it, current methodologies, tools and languages used for ontology development are revised, and the book includes an exhaustive revision of existing ontologies in the legal domain. The development of the Ontology of Professional Judicial Knowledge (OPJK) is presented as a case study.
| Author | : Joost Breuker |
| Publisher | : IOS Press |
| Total Pages | : 256 |
| Release | : 2009 |
| Genre | : Law |
| ISBN | : 1586039423 |
Based on workshops and conferences on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Law, this work deals with legal ontologies and Semantic Web applications, covering both theoretical aspects and practical systems.
| Author | : Giovanni Sartor |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 351 |
| Release | : 2008-10-02 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3540855696 |
Information technology has now pervaded the legal sector, and the very modern concepts of e-law and e-justice show that automation processes are ubiquitous. European policies on transparency and information society, in particular, require the use of technology and its steady improvement. Some of the revised papers presented in this book originate from a workshop held at the European University Institute of Florence, Italy, in December 2006. The workshop was devoted to the discussion of the different ways of understanding and explaining contemporary law, for the purpose of building computable models of it -- especially models enabling the development of computer applications for the legal domain. During the course of the following year, several new contributions, provided by a number of ongoing (or recently finished) European projects on computation and law, were received, discussed and reviewed to complete the survey. This book presents 20 thoroughly refereed revised papers on the hot topics under research in different EU projects: legislative XML, legal ontologies, semantic web, search and meta-search engines, web services, system architecture, dialectic systems, dialogue games, multi-agent systems (MAS), legal argumentation, legal reasoning, e-justice, and online dispute resolution. The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge representation, ontologies and XML legislative drafting; knowledge representation, legal ontologies and information retrieval; argumentation and legal reasoning; normative and multi-agent systems; and online dispute resolution.
| Author | : Monica Palmirani |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 322 |
| Release | : 2012-11-28 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 3642357318 |
The inspiring idea of this workshop series, Artificial Intelligence Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems (AICOL), is to develop models of legal knowledge concerning organization, structure, and content in order to promote mutual understanding and communication between different systems and cultures. Complexity and complex systems describe recent developments in AI and law, legal theory, argumentation, the Semantic Web, and multi-agent systems. Multisystem and multilingual ontologies provide an important opportunity to integrate different trends of research in AI and law, including comparative legal studies. Complexity theory, graph theory, game theory, and any other contributions from the mathematical disciplines can help both to formalize the dynamics of legal systems and to capture relations among norms. Cognitive science can help the modeling of legal ontology by taking into account not only the formal features of law but also social behaviour, psychology, and cultural factors. This book is thus meant to support scholars in different areas of science in sharing knowledge and methodological approaches. This volume collects the contributions to the workshop's third edition, which took place as part of the 25th IVR congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy, held in Frankfurt, Germany, in August 2011. This volume comprises six main parts devoted to the each of the six topics addressed in the workshop, namely: models for the legal system ethics and the regulation of ICT, legal knowledge management, legal information for open access, software agent systems in the legal domain, as well as legal language and legal ontology.
| Author | : Roberto Poli |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 422 |
| Release | : 2010-08-28 |
| Genre | : Philosophy |
| ISBN | : 9048188458 |
Ontology was once understood to be the philosophical inquiry into the structure of reality: the analysis and categorization of ‘what there is’. Recently, however, a field called ‘ontology’ has become part of the rapidly growing research industry in information technology. The two fields have more in common than just their name. Theory and Applications of Ontology is a two-volume anthology that aims to further an informed discussion about the relationship between ontology in philosophy and ontology in information technology. It fills an important lacuna in cutting-edge research on ontology in both fields, supplying stage-setting overview articles on history and method, presenting directions of current research in either field, and highlighting areas of productive interdisciplinary contact. Theory and Applications of Ontology: Philosophical Perspectives presents ontology in philosophy in ways that computer scientists are not likely to find elsewhere. The volume offers an overview of current research traditions in ontology, contrasting analytical, phenomenological, and hermeneutic approaches. It introduces the reader to current philosophical research on those categories of everyday and scientific reasoning that are most relevant to present and future research in information technology.
| Author | : Edoardo Fittipaldi |
| Publisher | : LED Edizioni Universitarie |
| Total Pages | : 303 |
| Release | : 2013-04-04T00:00:00+02:00 |
| Genre | : Psychology |
| ISBN | : 8879166263 |
1. Everyday legal ontology as a challenge to normative solipsism 1.1. Normative solipsism – 1.2. Three open questions of Petrażycki’s legal theory – 1.3. The subject-matter of this book – 1.4. The major ontological kinds and the way they are mirrored in naïve language 2. Ethical illusions produced by projective processes 2.1. Introduction – 2.2. What can projections explain? – 2.3. Petrażycki’s projective process – 2.4. The degree of stability of projective qualities and its linguistic consequences – 2.5. Two constituents of the stability of projective qualities – 2.6. The connection of subjective stability and intersubjective diffusion with the psychological development of realism 3. Illusions produced by the features of the super-ego 3.1. The limits of Petrażycki’s projective hypothesis – 3.2. The differentiae specificae of ethical emotions – 3.3. Why the explanation here proposed to the illusions of imperatives and prohibitions is different from Petrażycki’s – 3.4. The illusions of norms and the role of the concept of norm as a basic theoretical concept – 3.5. Ethical emotions, aggressiveness and ethical sadism – 3.6. Shame, guilt, pride, anger and indignation – 3.7. Is the hypothesis of a super-ego falsifiable in Popper’s sense? 4. Illusions produced by the features of legal emotions 4.1. Naïve legal entities – 4.2. Moral vs. legal experience – 4.3. Features associated to moral vs. legal experiences, respectively – 4.4. Kinds of legal relationships – 4.4.1. facere-accipere (obligatedness/obligatoriness) – 4.4.2. nonfacere-nonpati (prohibitedness) – 4.4.3. pati-facere (permittedness) – 4.4.4. pati-nonfacere (omissibility) – 4.4.5. Absence-of-ethical-phenomena and ethical indifference – 4.5. Pure attributive phenomena – 4.6. The degree of cognitive salience of the different kinds of legal relationship and the factors conducive to the detachment of debts – 4.6.1. Bilaterality – 4.6.2. Transferability – 4.6.3. Transitoriness – 4.6.4. Fungibility – 4.6.5. Transformability – 4.7. Duties – 4.8. Rights vs. powers? – 4.9. The factors conducive to the detachment of permittednesses/authoritativenesses into illusions of free-standing entities – 4.9.1. Bilaterality – 4.9.2. Transferability – 4.9.3. Transitoriness – 4.9.4-5. Fungibility and transformability – 4.10. Statutes, commands and the wishes of an autocrat – 4.11. The illusions of the amendment of a command/statute – 4.12. A case of undetachment: ownership Appendix: Moneyness as a naïve non-legal phenomenon References Index of names
| Author | : Meritxell Fernández-Barrera |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 374 |
| Release | : 2011 |
| Genre | : Consumer protection |
| ISBN | : |
This thesis presents a study of the epistemological and cognitive assumptions which currently underlie knowledge acquisition for legal ontology engineering. The hypothesis is that such assumptions might have a qualitative effect on the final ontologicalterminological resources and therefore on the performance of the systems which use them. The first part of the thesis presents the state of the art in legal ontology engineering (the computational concept of ontology, a review of available legal ontologies and modelling methodologies). The second part of the thesis shows that currently knowledge acquisition in legal ontology learning is limited to very concrete legal genres, namely, legislation, case law and legal doctrine. The third part presents a case study in which two different legal genres are used for building a consumer law ontology: a traditional legal genre, Italian consumer regulation, and a Web 2.0 genre, namely an online corpus of citizens' queries regarding consumer justice. Results proof the impact of legal genre variation on the construction of the domain ontology. Thus main findings suggest that Web 2.0 corpora are a rich source for the construction of ontological resources, and at the same time these new types of ontological resources might be useful in e-government applications aimed at increasing online communication with citizens. The framework in which the study is conducted is the convergence between Web 3.0 and Web 2.0. This convergence implies the addition of one level of complexity to the main goal of the Semantic Web (or Web 3.0). Indeed, whereas Web 3.0 applied to the legal domain implies the automatic semantic interpretation of traditional legal sources (i.e. laws, judgements, administrative decisions), and Web 2.0 implies distributed models of production of knowledge by unknown users (i.e. blogs, blawgs, forums, social networks), the convergence of both implies the semantic processing of textual input produced by laymen in a distributed way. From the point of view of governance models this technical endeavour has a direct impact on the design of new e-government platforms for public service provision and citizen participation. The study has thus a twofold relevance: technical, as far as legal knowledge acquisition methodologies and legal ontology modelling are concerned; and socio-institutional, given the importance of semantic processing of laymen input for the design of new relational patterns between citizens and institutions.
| Author | : R. Hoekstra |
| Publisher | : IOS Press |
| Total Pages | : 248 |
| Release | : 2009-07-07 |
| Genre | : Computers |
| ISBN | : 1607504340 |
As the (in)famous definition states: "An ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization". However, an ontology is also a philosophical theory of existence, a knowledge management resource, a database schema, or a type of knowledge representation artefact on the semantic web. Over the years the term 'ontology' has been used in so many different ways that one can no longer be sure what is meant by it at any given occasion. This book clarifies the role ontologies play in knowledge representation; it discusses the distinctions with their use in philosophy, gives insight in the features, rationale and limitations of the OWL 2 web ontology language, and provides a critical review of methodologies and design principles advocated to improve the quality of ontologies. It covers both theory and practice of knowledge acquisition, representation and ontologies; it emphasises human understanding as knowledge structuring principle, and demonstrates this approach in the development of a core ontology of basic legal concepts (LKIF Core) and in the exploration of expressive ontology design patterns for the representation of social reality, change and causation, actions and transactions. In doing so it contributes to a better understanding of the representation of ontologies; or rather, what it means to do ontology representation.
