Estimating the Effects of Economic Change on National Health and Social Well-being
| Author | : Meyer Harvey Brenner |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 174 |
| Release | : 1984 |
| Genre | : Pathology |
| ISBN | : |
Analyzing The Health Impact Of Economic Change
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Analyzing the Health Impact of Economic Change
| Author | : Gábor Scheiring |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : |
| Release | : 2020 |
| Genre | : Cohort analysis |
| ISBN | : 9781529711189 |
An unprecedented mortality crisis befell the former socialist countries between 1989 and 1995, representing one of the most significant demographic shocks of the post-Second World War period. Academic research has identified economic transitions as a crucial factor behind the post-socialist mortality crisis. However, most previous studies relied on either country-level or individual-level data, which leaves the potential for modeling error, as they cannot assess both distal (economic) and proximal (individual) causes of mortality simultaneously. We aimed to overcome these limitations and investigate the role of economic transitions (rapid mass privatization, deindustrialization, and foreign investment liberalization) and individual-level factors (e.g., alcohol consumption) in the mortality crises in post-socialist countries. We identified towns with different privatization strategies and collected administrative data on 539 towns in Russia, 96 towns in Belarus, and 52 towns in Hungary. In these towns, we identified the largest companies and collected data on their ownership structure. We also conducted large-scale surveys using a retrospective cohort study approach. Respondents provided information on themselves and their relatives, including socio-economic characteristics, health behavior, as well as the vital status of their relatives. In total, we collected data on 268,600 subjects in the three countries. Using this information, we created a complex multi-level database linking towns' industrial characteristics and individual health outcomes covering three decades from 1980 to 2010. We investigated how excess mortality of individuals is distributed across settlements with different privatization strategies. The results confirmed that economic change and alcohol were crucial determinants of mortality during the post-socialist transition.
Communities in Action
| Author | : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 583 |
| Release | : 2017-04-27 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309452961 |
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Political economy analysis for health financing
| Author | : World Health Organization |
| Publisher | : World Health Organization |
| Total Pages | : 40 |
| Release | : 2024-07-04 |
| Genre | : Health & Fitness |
| ISBN | : 9240092099 |
This “Political Economy of Health Financing: How-to Guide” lays out a structured way to organize and analyze key political economy factors that can impact a health financing reform. This Guide, along with WHO’s broader programme of work on Political Economy of Health Financing Reform, explicitly recognizes the importance of political economy factors in influencing health financing reform trajectories. This Guide is not intended as a toolbox or comprehensive mapping of all the potential political economy factors and strategies related to health financing reform. Rather, it provides a stepwise process for analysis and structured thinking about issues related to health financing and political economy. By understanding the various stakeholders involved in health financing reform, their relative power, interests and position, along with the institutions that shape the bargaining process and the related contextual and economic factors, strategies can be developed to overcome or take into account stakeholders’ resistance or support. The objective of incorporating political economy analysis in this way is to support a more strategic approach to reform as a way to increase the likelihood of effective design, adoption and implementation and ultimately progress towards UHC.
Healthier Societies
| Author | : Jody Heymann |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 442 |
| Release | : 2005-11-17 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0199748195 |
Extensive research has shown that social factors are as important as biological ones in determining health, and their impact is enormous in both adults and children. The challenge of changing public policies and programs remains. Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action addresses the fundamental questions which will lead the way toward countries investing seriously in improving social conditions, as a way of improving population health. The book is divided into three parts. Section one addresses to what extent health is determined by biological factors, by social factors, and more fundamentally, by the interaction between the two. Section two examines four case studies that demonstrate the ways in which social change can dramatically affect adults' health, as well as launch children's lives onto healthy trajectories. This section analyzes the cases of nutrition, working conditions, social inequalities, and geographic disparities. The third section of the book takes a serious look at what would be involved in translating the research findings described throughout the book into action.
Using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Improve Health Care
| Author | : Peter J. Neumann |
| Publisher | : Oxford University Press |
| Total Pages | : 224 |
| Release | : 2004-10-28 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 019974811X |
As health costs in the U.S. soar past $1.5 trillion, much evidence indicates that the nation does not get good value for its money. It is widely agreed that we could do better by using cost-effective analysis (CEA) to help determine which health care services are most worthwhile. American policy makers, however, have largely avoided using CEA, and researchers have devoted little attention to understanding why this is so. By considering the economic, social, legal, and ethical factors that contribute to the situation, and how they can be negotiated in the future, this book offers a unique perspective. It traces the roots of EA in health and medicine, describes its promise for rational resource allocation, and discusses the nature of the opposition to it, using Medicare and the Oregon health plans as examples. In exploring the disconnection between the promise of CEA and the persistent failure of rational intentions, the book seeks to find common ground and practical solutions. It analyzes the prospects for change and presents a roadmap for getting there. It offers pragmatic advice for cost-effectiveness analysts, discussing ways in which they can better translate their research findings into the basis for action. The book also offers advice for policy makers and politicians, including lessons from Europe, Canada, and Australia, and underlines the need for leadership to establish the conditions for change.
Quantifying Value in Public Health
| Author | : Theresa Green |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 144 |
| Release | : 2013 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : |
In this time of economic downturn, it is becoming increasingly important for organizations, including those in public health, to prove their worth, to show the value in improvement strategies. Health agencies have learned to discuss impact in terms of health outcome and mortality morbidity measures. However, it is critical that these impacts are also expressed in a way that shows cost efficiency and economic benefit especially for promising, evidence based public health interventions. Although several methods of economic evaluation including cost effective analysis, cost utility analysis, or cost benefit analysis and return on investment have been used in social sciences and health research, fewer examples are found in public health systems research. This dissertation explores common methods for financially quantifying value in public health system change, and these methods are used to assess cost benefit in a real world example: the development of the Center for Community Health, an academic-public health partnership anchored in the University of Rochester Medical Center. The value of the University's investment in public health is analyzed by quantifying the costs and benefits of the Center. A multi methods, retrospective analysis of this naturally occurring experiment was conducted including collecting revenue data and expenses data over time, as well as interviewing key informants to quantify the Center's contribution to the Essential Services of a public health department With the University's annual contribution of around $1 million, the CCH has accumulated a $6.5 million annual budget within 6 years. This has resulted in an expanded public health workforce of 60 individuals and increased essential public health services delivered to the community including surveillance, research, policy investment, cancer screenings, prevention programs, and individual counseling. In addition to the increased budget and shifting to extramural funding, the CCH has achieved cost effectiveness through disease prevention through programs and services. This work serves as a practical and duplicable example for public health practitioners and systems researchers of how economic analysis of system chance can be done. An analytical framework is presented, as well as a discussion of barriers and shortcomings for measuring value in public health interventions.
The Economics of New Health Technologies
| Author | : Joan Costa-Font |
| Publisher | : OUP Oxford |
| Total Pages | : 312 |
| Release | : 2009-05-14 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0191580236 |
Technological change in healthcare has led to huge improvements in health services and the health status of populations. It is also pinpointed as the main driver of healthcare expenditure. Although offering remarkable benefits, changes in technology are not free and often entail significant financial, as well as physical or social risks. These need to be balanced out in the setting of government regulations, insurance contracts, and individuals' decisions to use and consume certain technologies. With this in mind, this book addresses the following important objectives: to provide a detailed analysis of what technological change is; to identify drivers of innovation in several healthcare areas; to present existing mechanisms and processes for ensuring and valuing efficiency and development in the use of medical technologies; and to analyse the impact of advances in medical technology on health, healthcare expenditure, and health insurance. Each of the seventeen chapters summarizes an important issue concerning the innovation debate and contributes to a better understanding of the role innovation has both at the macro level and at the delivery (meso) and micro level in the healthcare sector. The effectiveness of innovation in improving people's welfare depends on its diffusion and inception by the relevant agents in the health production process, and this book recognizes the multi-faceted contribution of policy makers, regulators, managers, technicians, consumers and patients to this technology change. This book offers the first truly global economic analysis of healthcare technologies, taking the subject beyond simply economic evaluation, and exploring the behavioural aspects, organization and incentives for new technology developments, and the adoption and diffusion of these technologies.
Theory and Methods of Economic Evaluation of Health Care
| Author | : Magnus Johannesson |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 270 |
| Release | : 1996-05-31 |
| Genre | : Business & Economics |
| ISBN | : 9780792340379 |
Most economic evaluations of health care programmes at the moment are cost effectiveness and cost-utility analyses. The problem with these methods is that their theoretical foundations are unclear. This has led to confusion about how to define the costs and health effects and how to interpret the results of these studies. In the environmental and traffic safety fields it is instead common to carry out traditional cost-bene:fit analyses of health improving programmes. This striking difference in how health programmes are assessed in different fields was the original motivation for writing this book. The aim of the book is to tty and provide a coherent framework within cost-bene:fit analysis and welfare economics for the different methods of economic evaluation in the health care field. The book is written in an easily accessible manner and several examples of applications of the different methods are provided. It is my hope that it will be useful both for teaching purposes and as a guide for practitioners in the field. Glenn C. Blomquist, John D. Graham, Rich O'Conor and four anonymous referees provided helpful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. I would also like to express my gratitude to the following persons for helping me to prepare the manuscript: Carl-Magnus Berglund, Carin Blanksvard, Ann Brown, and Ziad Obeid.
Health Economics and Development
| Author | : Stuart J. Wells |
| Publisher | : Greenwood |
| Total Pages | : 184 |
| Release | : 1980 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : |
Our main goal in writing this book is to examine the relationship between health and economic development. Most investigators of health problems in developing countries seem to agree that malnutrition and high rates of disease are related to poverty, but the interpretation of this relationship and the subsequent policy recommendations have led to different analytic approaches. The two main approaches investigated here are disaggregated, sequential policy analysis and structural analysis.
