Analyse spatio-temporelle de la variabilité hydrologique du bassin versant du Mississippi

Analyse spatio-temporelle de la variabilité hydrologique du bassin versant du Mississippi
Author: Aurélien Rossi
Publisher:
Total Pages: 329
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

Les grands bassins versants d'échelle continentale, comme le Mississippi, intègrent la réponse hydrologique aux changements climatiques et environnementaux (fluctuations du climat, précipitations, débits, flux sédimentaires) à de larges échelles spatiales et temporelles, mais également les modifications du milieu physique d'origine anthropique (changements d’occupation des sols, aménagements...), ce qui rend parfois difficile l'identification des liens entre la variabilité hydrologique et la variabilité climatique. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont de déterminer et de quantifier les relations entre la variabilité hydrologique et les fluctuations du climat (précipitations régionalisées, indices climatiques) à l'échelle du bassin versant du Mississippi et de ses principaux sous-bassins ; via l'utilisation de méthodes d'analyses spectrales adaptées à l'étude des processus instationnaires (analyse en ondelettes continues, analyse de la cohérence par ondelettes). La variabilité hydrologique du Mississippi et de ses principaux affluents est structurée par plusieurs modes de variabilité, s'exprimant de l'échelle annuelle aux échelles inter-annuelle (2-4 ans, 3-6 ans, 5-8 ans), décennale (8-16 ans, 12-16 ans) et à plus long terme (22 ans, 22-26 ans). Ces modes de variabilité sont fortement similaires à ceux observés dans les précipitations (avec une cohérence moyenne de 77% à 89% selon les sous-bassins), et opèrent aux mêmes échelles de temps que la variabilité des principales fluctuations du climat affectant la région (ENSO, PDO, AMO, NAO, NAM et PNA), préalablement identifiés et synthétisés par une méthodologie similaire. La variabilité des débits du bassin versant du Mississippi se trouve influencée par un ensemble de téléconnections (cohérence de 63% à 66% en moyenne avec l'ensemble des indices climatiques), opérant toutefois à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles, et qui évoluent au cours du temps (relations à divers degrés suivant les différentes échelles de temps, le mode de variabilité du climat mis en jeu et le sous-bassin versant considéré). De plus, la variabilité hydrologique du Mississippi et de ses principaux affluents s'inscrit plus largement dans le cadre d'une rupture majeure du système climatique et des systèmes hydrologiques à l'échelle globale observée vers 1970, qui se traduit notamment par une augmentation et une plus forte variabilité des débits, ainsi que des changements de la composition spectrale des paramètres hydrologiques et climatiques. En ce sens, la construction d'un indice "hydro-climatique unifié" à été proposée en reprenant l'ensemble des caractéristiques globales du système climatique et celles plus spécifiques à l'échelle régionale (échelle des sous bassins versants). Enfin, même si la majorité des paramètres hydrologiques se trouve apparemment très fortement liée par les paramètres climatiques, d'autres facteurs, comme les modifications du milieu physique (occupation des sols, aménagements...), peuvent avoir une influence non-négligeable sur l’évolution de certains paramètres hydrologiques (hauts et bas débits), mais qui serait beaucoup plus localisée dans le temps et l'espace (i.e., elle ne serait pas associée à l'existence d'oscillations dans l'hydrologie). A l'exception des flux hydrosédimentaires, marqués par de profonds changements qui ont pu être reliés aux aménagements du bassin versant et quantifiés par une méthodologie de modélisation spectrale (diminution des flux de sédiments en suspension exportés à l'exutoire d’environ 2,25.108 t.an-1 sur la période 1950-1975), ces influences apparaissent spatialement localisées, et restent difficiles à caractériser. Outre leurs faibles contributions, ceci provient également du fait que ces modifications du milieu physique agissent simultanément avec d'autres facteurs pouvant modifier la réponse hydrologique, comme les changements observés dans le climat, qui reste le facteur principal des changements observés.

Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry

Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry
Author: Raphael M. Tshimanga
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 596
Release: 2022-02-08
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1119656990

New scientific discoveries in the Congo Basin as a result of international collaborations The Congo is the world's second largest river basin and home to 120 million people. Understanding the cycling of water, sediments, and nutrients is important as the region faces climatic and anthropogenic change. Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry: A Foundation for the Future explores variations in and influences on rainfall, hydrology and hydraulics, and sediment and carbon dynamics. It features contributions from experts in the region and their international collaborators. Volume highlights include: New in-situ and remotely sensed measurements and model results Use of historic data to assess precipitation and hydrologic changes Exploration of water exchange between wetlands and rivers Biogeochemical processes in the Congo's forests and wetlands A scientific foundation for hydrologic resource management in the region Studies from different parts of the Congo river and its adjoining basins This book is available in English and French. The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about this book in this short video and this article.

Variabilité spatio-temporelle et modélisation hydrologique

Variabilité spatio-temporelle et modélisation hydrologique
Author: Roger Moussa
Publisher:
Total Pages: 314
Release: 1991
Genre:
ISBN:

CE MEMOIRE PRESENTE UN MODELE HYDROLOGIQUE SPATIALISE, BASE SUR DES CONCEPTS PHYSIQUES SIMPLIFIES A DES FINS DE GESTION DE LA RESSOURCE EN EAU, TOUT EN INTEGRANT LE MAXIMUM D'INFORMATIONS SPATIALE ET TEMPORELLE. LE BASSIN VERSANT DU GARDON D'ANDUZE (SUD DE LA FRANCE) EST RETENU POUR LES APPLICATIONS. LA DEMARCHE ADOPTEE COMPORTE DEUX PARTIES: LA PREMIERE CONSISTE EN UN INVENTAIRE ET UN TRAITEMENT PRELIMINAIRE DE L'INFORMATION DISPONIBLE. ON ETUDIE LA VARIABILITE, D'UNE PART SPATIALE DE LA STRUCTURE DU RESEAU HYDROGRAPHIQUE ET DE LA STRUCTURE DES SOUS-BASSINS VERSANTS ET D'AUTRE PART TEMPORELLE DU CHAMP PLUVIOMETRIQUE. LA CARACTERISATION FRACTALE DE CES GRANDEURS CONDUIT A DEGAGER LEUR CARACTERISTIQUES INDEPENDAMMENT DE L'ECHELLE D'OBSERVATION. LA DEUXIEME PARTIE EST CONSACREE AU DEVELOPPEMENT DU MODELE HYDROLOGIQUE. ON DISCUTE SEPAREMENT DES DIFFERENTS MODULES: LA DISCRETISATION SPATIALE, LE PARAMETRAGE, LE BILAN VERTICAL ET LA FONCTION DE TRANSFERT. UNE DISCRETISATION DU SOL EN TROIS COUCHES EST SPECIALEMENT ELABOREE POUR TENIR COMPTE DES VARIABLES PHYSIQUES DU BASSIN (VEGETATION, TOPOGRAPHIE, TEXTURE DU SOL, ...). LE TRANSFERT DE L'EAU DE CHAQUE CELLULE HYDROLOGIQUE (ICI LES VERSANTS) S'EFFECTUE PAR UN HYDROGRAMME UNITAIRE CALCULE A PARTIR DE LA GEOMORPHOLOGIE

Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry

Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry
Author: Raphael M. Tshimanga
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 596
Release: 2022-03-22
Genre: Science
ISBN: 1119656974

New scientific discoveries in the Congo Basin as a result of international collaborations The Congo is the world's second largest river basin and home to 120 million people. Understanding the cycling of water, sediments, and nutrients is important as the region faces climatic and anthropogenic change. Congo Basin Hydrology, Climate, and Biogeochemistry: A Foundation for the Future explores variations in and influences on rainfall, hydrology and hydraulics, and sediment and carbon dynamics. It features contributions from experts in the region and their international collaborators. Volume highlights include: New in-situ and remotely sensed measurements and model results Use of historic data to assess precipitation and hydrologic changes Exploration of water exchange between wetlands and rivers Biogeochemical processes in the Congo's forests and wetlands A scientific foundation for hydrologic resource management in the region Studies from different parts of the Congo river and its adjoining basins This book is available in English and French. The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about this book in this short video and this article.

Modeling and Practice of Erosion and Sediment Transport under Change

Modeling and Practice of Erosion and Sediment Transport under Change
Author: Mohamed Meddi
Publisher: MDPI
Total Pages: 212
Release: 2019-09-17
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3039214314

Climate and anthropogenic changes impact the conditions of erosion and sediment transport in rivers. Rainfall variability and, in many places, the increase of rainfall intensity have a direct impact on rainfall erosivity. Increasing changes in demography have led to the acceleration of land cover changes in natural areas, as well as in cultivated areas, and, sometimes, in degraded areas and desertified landscapes. These anthropogenized landscapes are more sensitive to erosion. On the other hand, the increase in the number of dams in watersheds traps a great portion of sediment fluxes, which do not reach the sea in the same amount, nor at the same quality, with consequences on coastal geomorphodynamics. This book is dedicated to studies on sediment fluxes from continental areas to coastal areas, as well as observation, modeling, and impact analysis at different scales from watershed slopes to the outputs of large river basins. This book is concentrated on a number of keywords: “erosion” and “sediment transport”, “model” and “practice”, and “change”. The keywords are briefly discussed with respect to the relevant literature. The contributions in this book address observations and models based on laboratory and field data, allowing researchers to make use of such resources in practice under changing conditions.

Water Quality of Freshwater Ecosystems in a Temperate Climate

Water Quality of Freshwater Ecosystems in a Temperate Climate
Author: Ryszard Gołdyn
Publisher:
Total Pages: 282
Release: 2020
Genre:
ISBN: 9783039434152

This Special Issue consists of fourteen original scientific articles concerning different problems associated with the water quality of freshwater ecosystems in a temperate climate. Most of the articles deal with the relationship between water quality and the structure of ecosystem biocenoses. The conclusion of these articles confirms the fact that the deterioration of water quality has a direct impact on the quantitative and qualitative structure of biocenoses. This is accompanied by a decline in biodiversity and the disappearance of rare plant and animal species. They also draw attention to the particular importance of internal physical and chemical differentiation within the aquatic ecosystem, both in horizontal and vertical dimensions. The problem of ensuring proper ecological conditions and good quality of water in freshwater aquatic ecosystems is also raised, and various methods for the restoration of water bodies are presented. This Special Issue contributes to a better understanding of the causes of water quality deterioration, the mechanisms responsible for the functioning of ecosystems, including the decrease of biodiversity and the possibilities of improving their condition. Thus, it can be helpful for regaining the good ecological status of water bodies required by the Water Framework Directive.

Statistical Models

Statistical Models
Author: David A. Freedman
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Total Pages: 459
Release: 2009-04-27
Genre: Mathematics
ISBN: 1139477315

This lively and engaging book explains the things you have to know in order to read empirical papers in the social and health sciences, as well as the techniques you need to build statistical models of your own. The discussion in the book is organized around published studies, as are many of the exercises. Relevant journal articles are reprinted at the back of the book. Freedman makes a thorough appraisal of the statistical methods in these papers and in a variety of other examples. He illustrates the principles of modelling, and the pitfalls. The discussion shows you how to think about the critical issues - including the connection (or lack of it) between the statistical models and the real phenomena. The book is written for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students in statistics, as well as students and professionals in the social and health sciences.

Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes

Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes
Author: Gary M. Lovett
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Total Pages: 528
Release: 2005-12-15
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9780387240893

This groundbreaking work connects the knowledge of system function developed in ecosystem ecology with landscape ecology's knowledge of spatial structure. The book elucidates the challenges faced by ecosystem scientists working in spatially heterogeneous systems, relevant conceptual approaches used in other disciplines and in different ecosystem types, and the importance of spatial heterogeneity in conservation resource management.

MEGA-CRISES

MEGA-CRISES
Author: Ira Helsloot
Publisher: Charles C Thomas Publisher
Total Pages: 389
Release: 2012-08-01
Genre: Business & Economics
ISBN: 0398086834

We live in turbulent times with continents and nations facing ever-heightening risks such as natural disasters, intense and protracted conflicts, terrorism, corporate crises, cyber threats to infrastructures and mega-events. We are witnessing the rise of mega-crises and a new class of adversity with many unknowns. The prospect of mega-crises presents professionals and students in the field of crisis management with four major tasks. First, they should engage in “deep thinking” about the causes of the increasing occurrence of mega-crises. Second, they should identify and work through the dominant trends which complicate contemporary crisis management. Third, they should upgrade institutional crisis management capacity. Fourth, they should improve societal resilience since no institutional complex can mitigate or manage these mega-crisis on its own. This book is divided into four primary parts, each of which looks at one facet of mega-crises. Part I focuses on the concept of a mega-crisis and mega-crisis management; Part II examines crisis management of mega-natural disasters; Part III evaluates crisis management of man-made mega-crises; and Part IV identifies mega-threats and vulnerabilities. Additional major topics include Hurricane Katrina; Hurricane Gustav; the London Bombings; the Mumbai Terrorist Attacks of July 7, 2005; corporate meltdowns; the subprime crisis; the Olympic Games; electricity grids; global climate change; the Dutch Delta; risks to food security; and mega-crises and the Internet. This comprehensive text will provide practitioners and academics with the results of an across-the-board research effort in the prospects, nature, characteristics, and the effects of mega-crises.