The Fourier, Laplace, Mellin, Hilbert, and Hankel transforms are classic examples of integral equations with numerous applications in several fields of science and engineering, When mapping a function from one domain into another, integral transforms provide an elegant solution for many mathematical problems that are algebraically difficult to solve in their original domain but of simpler solution in the target domain. The Fourier transform, for example, maps an original signal (represented by a function of time) into its coresponding power spectrum in the frequency domain. Therefore, the Fourier transform plays an essential role in data analysis of periodic signals, decomposing the incoming signal into the frequencies that its consists of. The Laplace transform converts a convolution in the original domain into a simple multiplication in the target domain. This transform has extensive applications in the fields of engineering and physics research involving the analysis of time-invariant systems in which the output signal is calculated as the convolution between the impulse response and the input signal. Many applications of probability theory also rely on integral transforms, such as statistics that are based on kernel functions. This book is a collection of contemporary open access articles which highlight the importance of integral transforms and their applications. In particular, three topics are discussed: Analysis of generalized functions for integral transform and their properties; Methods for solving the Cauchy problem (initial value or boundary problems) for space-time partial differential equations; Applications of integral transform, including fractional methods, to solving systems of differential equations in physics, signal processing, quantum mechanics and mechanical engineering. The generalization of global estimates for various integral transforms is discussed by Vindas & Estrada (2006). The properties kernels of Laplace-typed integral transform and q-Laplace transforms were studied by Kim (2017) and Naik & Haubold (2016), respectively. Transform methods for convex polygons are derived by Crowdy (2015); the analysis of singular integral equations (Li, 2017); matrix integral transforms (Yaremko & Yaremko, 2016), Sumudu transforms (Rahman & Ahmad, 2015) are also included in this book. The remaining content of this book focuses on applications of the integral transform as a method for solving various differential equations. This book is mainly addressed to physicists, advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the Natural Sciences and Mechanical Engineering. Book jacket.