Low-layer Features to Two Limited-area Hurricane Regimes

Low-layer Features to Two Limited-area Hurricane Regimes
Author: Michael S. Moss
Publisher:
Total Pages: 168
Release: 1977
Genre: Hurricane Eloise, 1975
ISBN:
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Extrapolation of the data to the surface yields a stress that agrees very well with that calculated from a diagnostic application of the Deardorff parameterization scheme. The virtual heat flux profile, determined entirely from conventional measurements, is fairly consistent with that observed in the fair weather trade wind regime. From near-surface extrapolated momentum and virtual heat fluxes, a Monin-Obukov length is computed to indicate that the low-layer turbulence is principally shear-induced. This indication is substantiated by the budget of turbulence kinetic energy, which shows an overall predominance of shear over buoyancy production. In the lowest levels there is an approximate balance among shear production, convergence of the vertical transport, and viscous dissipation of the turbulence kinetic energy. At the upper mixed-layer levels, all of the calculable production terms are negligible in comparison with destruction through dissipation.

Non-LTE Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere

Non-LTE Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere
Author: Manuel López-Puertas
Publisher: World Scientific
Total Pages: 512
Release: 2001
Genre: Science
ISBN: 9789812811493
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Ch. 1. Introduction and overview. 1.1. General introduction. 1.2. Basic properties of the Earth's atmosphere. 1.3. What is LTE? 1.4. Non-LTE situations. 1.5. The importance of non-LTE. 1.6. Some historical background. 1.7. Non-LTE models. 1.8. Experimental studies of non-LTE. 1.9. Non-LTE in planetary atmospheres. 1.10. References and further reading -- ch. 2. Molecular spectra. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Energy levels in diatomic molecules. 2.3. Energy levels in polyatomic molecules. 2.4. Transitions and spectral bands. 2.5. Properties of individual vibration-rotation lines. 2.6. Interactions between energy levels. 2.7. References and further reading -- ch. 3. Basic atmospheric radiative transfer. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Properties of radiation. 3.3. The radiative transfer equation. 3.4. The formal solution of the radiative transfer equation. 3.5. Thermodynamic equilibrium and local thermodynamic equilibrium. 3.6. The source function in non-LTE. 3.7. Non-LTE situations. 3.8. References and further reading -- ch. 4. Solutions to the radiative transfer equation in LTE. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Integration of the radiative transfer equation over height. 4.3. Integration of the radiative transfer equation over frequency. 4.4. Integration of the radiative transfer equation over solid angle. 4.5. References and further reading -- ch. 5. Solutions to the radiative transfer equation in non-LTE. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Simple solutions for radiative transfer under non-LTE. 5.3. The full solution of the radiative transfer equation in non-LTE. 5.4. Integration of the RTE in non-LTE. 5.5. Intercomparison of non-LTE codes. 5.6. Parameterizations of the non-LTE cooling rate. 5.7. The Curtis matrix method. 5.8. References and further reading -- ch. 6. Non-LTE modelling of the Earth's atmosphere I: CO2. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Useful approximations. 6.3. Carbon dioxide, CO2. 6.4. References and further reading -- ch. 7. Non-LTE modelling of the Earth's atmosphere II: Other infrared emitters. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. Carbon monoxide, CO. 7.3. Ozone, O3. 7.4. Water vapour, H2O. 7.5. Methane, CH4. 7.6. Nitric oxide, NO. 7.7. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2. 7.8. Nitrous oxide, N2O. 7.9. Nitric acid, HNO3. 7.10. Hydroxyl radical, OH. 7.11. Molecular oxygen atmospheric infrared bands. 7.12. Hydrogen chloride, HC1, and hydrogen fluoride, HF. 7.13. NO+. 7.14. Atomic Oxygen, O (3P), at 63[symbol]m. 7.15. References and further reading -- ch. 8. Remote sensing of the non-LTE atmosphere. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. The analysis of emission measurements. 8.3. Observations of carbon dioxide in emission. 8.4. Observations of ozone in emission. 8.5. Observations of water vapour in emission. 8.6. Observations of carbon monoxide in emission. 8.7. Observations of nitric oxide in emission. 8.8. Observations of other infrared emissions. 8.9. Rotational non-LTE. 8.10. Absorption measurements. 8.11. Simulated limb emission spectra at high resolution. 8.12. Simulated Nadir emission spectra at high resolution. 8.13. Non-LTE retrieval schemes. 8.14. References and further reading -- ch. 9. Cooling and heating rates. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. CO2 15 f[symbol]m cooling. 9.3. O3 9.6[symbol]xm cooling. 9.4. H2O 6.3[symbol]m cooling. 9.5. NO 5.3[symbol]m cooling. 9.6. O(3Pi) 63[symbol]m cooling. 9.7. Summary of cooling rates. 9.8. CO2 solar heating. 9.9. References and further reading -- ch. 10. Non-LTE in planetary atmospheres. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. The terrestrial planets: Mars and Venus. 10.3. A non-LTE model for the Martian and Venusian atmospheres. 10.4. Mars. 10.5. Venus. 10.6. Outer planets. 10.7. Titan. 10.8. Comets. 10.9. References and further reading.

Influence of Earth Surface and Cloud Properties on the South Florida Sea Breeze

Influence of Earth Surface and Cloud Properties on the South Florida Sea Breeze
Author: Patrick T. Gannon
Publisher:
Total Pages: 100
Release: 1978
Genre: Sea breeze
ISBN:
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A two-dimensional numerical sea breeze model that includes radiation and heat budget physics is used to study sea breeze circulations affected by South Florida surface and cloud conditions. Sensitivity experiments show major differences in the intensities and inland penetrations that result from prescribed distributions of surface and cirrus cloud properties. A case study experiment for July 16, 1975, provides a measure of the importance of surface and cumulus cloud properties that were observed or deduced for this one day. Significant differences exist between the model version using a surface heat budget formulation and the version using prescribed thermal forcing. The strength of the sea breeze predicted with the heat budget formulation decreases with increasing initial basic state wind speeds, while the opposite effect occurs with thermal forcing. Soil moisture is the dominant controlling surface property, followed by albedo and thermal inertia. Cirrus clouds can prevent the evolution of the sea breeze when the geometric thickness of cirrus exceeds 2 km. A case study demonstrates the importance of cumulus cloud shielding of the surface from solar radiation. The mesoscale sea breeze convergence zone is seen to evolve adjacent to organized cloud fields, but not necessarily coincident with them. This is an important consideration when sea breeze models are verified with observed cloud fields.