An Economic Comparison of Super-energy-efficient Houses to Standard Built Houses

An Economic Comparison of Super-energy-efficient Houses to Standard Built Houses
Author: Mitchell J. Kellermeyer
Publisher:
Total Pages: 26
Release: 2010
Genre:
ISBN:

Abstract: The U.S. Green Building Council stated buildings are responsible for 36 percent of total energy use and 65% of electricity consumption, 30 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, 30 percent of raw material use, 30 percent of waste output and 12 percent of potable water use (ULI- the Urban Land Institute 2008). According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, residential buildings (homes) alone account for 22% of national energy use and 21% of carbon dioxide emissions. With the high amount of energy used by buildings including homes, there will be a greater need for coal. By 2030 an estimated 80 percent more coal will be needed, shifting the U.S. to have to import more coal from other countries (Heinberg). Emissions from buildings are also considered a contributing factor that is changing our climate. (Problems: Global Change and Global Warming). For the past few decades, various energy efficient building technologies have been developed. However, energy efficient homes are still limited nationwide. In 2006, only 200,000 out of 1,801,000 new houses built earned the Energy Star for their energy efficiency (EPA 2007). To be qualified for Energy Star the house must be 15 percent more energy efficient than homes built to the 2004 International Residential Code (EPA 2007). Based on an article titled, "Energy Consumption," energy efficiency can be increased for buildings by reducing air infiltration with weather-stripping and caulking, providing good insulation in walls and attic spaces, controlling temperature in the house with programmable thermostats, and properly maintaining heating and cooling systems (Secondary Energy Infobook). An example of an energy efficient home would be Allen Zimmerman's home. The home had an average total annual electric energy consumption of 5.5 kWh per square foot. Similar homes in central and northern Ohio that are powered solely by electricity have an annual consumption of 9.3 to 11.7 kWh per square foot. Energy efficient building methods implemented in this case included using 2 by 6 stud walls spaced 24 inches on center, placing the specific rooms facing directions to avoid excessive solar gain, determining appropriate window sizes and locations, installing raised-heel trusses to allow more insulation in the attic and a larger overhang to provide maximum shading in the summer, installing an automatic ventilation system, and using energy-efficient fluorescent lamps (Zimmerman 2007). Super-energy-efficient (SEE) homes are based on system design and precision construction to improve the efficiency of homes by around 50 percent. With 56 percent of annual energy bills coming from heating and cooling, finding ways to improve the energy efficiency of the home by reducing the heating and cooling loads is important (Global Green USA 2007). This could be achieved through 2 by 6 walls spaced 24 inches on center to allow better wall insulation, extra interior and exterior finishes, modified framing for added insulation in the attic, and better air barriers around doors and windows. SEE Homes are known in the residential construction industry, but they are not practiced often. Potential increase in construction costs is prohibitive to both homebuilders and buyers. Some people assume that the home will be weaker if the studs are spaced out 24 inches on center instead of 16 inches on center. This is a myth and has not been proved to cause weaknesses in the house. Some also think that making the house too air tight will cause stuffiness to the occupants. But if a proper ventilation system is installed the house can be made more air tight without causing any indoor air quality problems. Another reason SEE homes are less common is because of the lack of knowledge and experience on the contractor's side to build them. The wide acceptance and implementation of SEE home building technologies could take a little extra time and the positive changes would significantly reduce energy consumption in the U.S. This research aims to tackle several major impediments that prevent SEE homes from being widely built in America.

30 Energy-efficient Houses ... You Can Build

30 Energy-efficient Houses ... You Can Build
Author: Alex Wade
Publisher: Rodale Books
Total Pages: 338
Release: 1977
Genre: Architecture
ISBN:

This book is about how to build tomorrow's house -- today. How to build a house that is energy efficient, solar heated, uses every inch of space well, is designed for the people who plan to live there, is elegantly simple, and yet doesn't cost a small fortune.

Comparison of energy efficient and green buildings

Comparison of energy efficient and green buildings
Author: Shrestha, Shritu
Publisher: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin
Total Pages: 329
Release: 2016-04-18
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 3798327912

The adverse environmental impacts from inefficient building construction increase if measures to reduce energy and resource use, through stringent building policies and efficient technology, are not implemented in developed and developing countries. To illustrate a holistic approach to reducing buildings’ energy and resources, the comparison of energy efficient and green buildings in terms of their technological aspects and their policy context in developed and developing countries, mainly in Europe, the USA and India, is presented together with a policy package recommendation for Nepal. A quality review of multiple literature sources, supported by various expert opinions, were the methods used for this in-depth analysis. It discusses that mandatory building standards, voluntary labels, information instruments and financial incentives are the most effective combination for the shift towards market transformation, that results in a higher share of energy efficient and green buildings. The lesson such as higher compliance with, and enforcement of, building energy standards can be seen in developed countries (e.g. Germany). Looking at a building’s life cycle perspective, it is not sufficient to focus solely on operational energy reduction in higher energy efficient buildings as this is achieved by the increased use of energy intensive materials. Green requirements must be considered in updating building energy standards and labels, particularly for developed countries. Green building certification will also become more effective when the stringency of energy standards is higher and when the whole building life cycle assessment is considered. Due to the increasing scarcity of energy and resources, many developing countries are forced to face up to the need for holistic green buildings. Although baseline standards are not as high as in most developed countries and national financial support is low, the gradual move towards making the standards more stringent and incorporating the wider scope of resource saving are positive developments in developing countries (e.g. India). However, to achieve significant success, strategies must include the establishment of a suitable funding environment, a political commitment and a strong government vision for long term and sustainable building construction. The challenges faced by Nepal are even greater due to the fast pace of urban growth and the absence of energy and resource efficient buildings policies, highlighting the need for an effective policy package. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates how energy efficient and green buildings are interlinked. Green buildings reinforced with higher levels of energy efficiency and energy efficient buildings incorporating green requirements are stepping-stones for achieving greater building energy and resource efficiencies. And a suitable policy package fosters its development. Nachteilige Umweltwirkungen eines ineffizienten Bausektors nehmen zu, wenn Maßnahmen zur Reduktion des Energie- und Ressourcenbedarfs in Form stringenter Gebäudepolitiken und effizienter Technologie in Industrieländer und Entwicklungsländer nicht umgesetzt werden. Um einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz zur Reduktion des Energie- und Ressourcenbedarfs von Gebäuden abzubilden, werden energieeffiziente und grüne Gebäude hinsichtlich technologischer Aspekte und ihres Politikkontextes in Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern verglichen. Die Analysen beziehen sich hauptsächlich auf Europa, die USA und Indien und werden ergänzt um Empfehlungen für ein Maßnahmenpaket für Nepal. Ein Review unterschiedlicher Literaturquellen, unterstützt durch diverse Expertenmeinungen, stellt die methodische Grundlage für diese detaillierte Analyse dar. Es diskutiert dass Bauvorschriften und -standards, freiwillige Label, Informationsinstrumente und finanzielle Anreize bilden die effektivste Kombination für die Einleitung einer Markttransformation, die schließlich zu einem höheren Anteil energieeffizienter und grüner Gebäude führt. Gute Beispiele einer höheren Beachtung von Gebäudeenergiestandards und deren Weiterentwicklung existieren in verschiedenen Industrieländern wie Deutschland. Unter Berücksichtigung des Lebenszyklus von Gebäuden ist es nicht ausreichend, nur die Reduktion des Energieverbrauchs in der Nutzungsphase der Gebäude zu beachten, weil diese den Einsatz von Materialien mit hohem Energieverbrauch in der Herstellung bedeuten kann. Grüne Anforderungen muss in der zukünftigen Entwicklung von Gebäudeenergiestandards und -labels berücksichtigt werden, insbesondere in Industrieländern. Die Zertifizierung grüner Gebäude wird auch effektiver werden, wenn Energiestandards verschärft werden und wenn vollständige Gebäude-Ökobilanzen berücksichtigt werden. Auf Grund steigender Knappheit von Energie und Ressourcen sind viele Entwicklungsländer gezwungen, sich der Notwendigkeit grüner Gebäude zu stellen. Obwohl das Niveau von Mindeststandards unterhalb dessen der meisten entwickelten Ländern liegt und die finanzielle Unterstützung gering ist, sind die schrittweise Verschärfung der Standards und die Einbeziehung der weiteren Perspektive der Ressourcenschonung positive Entwicklungen in Entwicklungsländer wie Indien. Um erfolgreich zu sein, müssen bestehende Strategien umfasst werden, an die Schaffung eines geeigneten Förderrahmens, die politische Bekenntnis und eine starke Regierungsvision für einen langfristigen und nachhaltigen Bausektor. Die Herausforderungen, mit denen Nepal konfrontiert wird, sind noch umfangreicher. Sie resultieren aus einem schnellen urbanen Wachstum und dem Fehlen von energie- und ressourceneffizienten Gebäudepolitiken. Die Erforderlichkeit eines effektiven Maßnahmenpakets für Nepal wird hierdurch unterstrichen. Insgesamt wird hierdurch der Zusammenhang zwischen energieeffizienten und grünen Gebäuden aufgezeigt. Die verstärkte Berücksichtigung von Energieeffizienz in grünen Gebäuden sowie von Nachhaltigkeitsanforderungen in energieeffizienten Gebäude sind Sprungbretter für die verbesserte Energie- und Ressourceneffizienz von Gebäuden. Eine solche Entwicklung wird durch ein geeignetes Maßnahmenpaket unterstützt.

The Not So Big House

The Not So Big House
Author: Sarah Susanka
Publisher: Taunton Press
Total Pages: 218
Release: 2001
Genre: Architecture, Domestic
ISBN: 1561583766

Provides a review of social trends and their effect on architecture and design.

Pretty Good House

Pretty Good House
Author: Michael Maines
Publisher: Taunton Press
Total Pages: 256
Release: 2022-05-24
Genre: Architecture
ISBN: 9781641551656

Pretty Good House provides a framework and set of guidelines for building or renovating a high-performance home that focus on its inhabitants and the environment--but keeps in mind that few people have pockets deep enough to achieve a "perfect" solution. The essential idea is for homeowners to work within their financial and practical constraints both to meet their own needs and do as much for the planet as possible. A Pretty Good House is: * A house that's as small as possible * Simple and durable, but also well designed * Insulated and air-sealed * Above all, it is affordable, healthy, responsible, and resilient.

Building a 40% Energy Saving House in the Mixed-Humid Climate

Building a 40% Energy Saving House in the Mixed-Humid Climate
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages:
Release: 2011
Genre:
ISBN:

This report describes a home that uses 40% less energy than the energy-efficient Building America standard - a giant step in the pursuit of affordable near-zero-energy housing through the evolution of five near-zero-energy research houses. This four-bedroom, two-bath, 1232-ft2 house has a Home Energy Rating System (HERS) index of 35 (a HERS rating of 0 is a zero-energy house, a conventional new house would have a HERS rating of 100), which qualifies it for federal energy efficiency and solar incentives. The house is leading to the planned construction of a similar home in Greensburg, Kansas, and 21 staff houses in the Walden Reserve, a 7000-unit 'deep green' community in Cookville, Tennessee. Discussions are underway for construction of similar houses in Charleston, South Carolina, Seattle, Washington, Knoxville and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and upstate New York. This house should lead to a 40% and 50% Gate-3, Mixed-Humid-Climate Joule for the DOE Building America Program. The house is constructed with structurally-insulated-panel walls and roof, raised metal-seam roof with infrared reflective coating, airtight envelope (1.65 air changes per hour at 50 Pascal), supply mechanical ventilation, ducts inside the conditioned space, extensive moisture control package, foundation geothermal space heating and cooling system, ZEHcor wall, solar water heater, and a 2.2 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The detailed specifications for the envelope and the equipment used in ZEH5 compared to all the houses in this series are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Based on a validated computer simulation of ZEH5 with typical occupancy patterns and energy services for four occupants, energy for this all-electric house is predicted to cost only $0.66/day ($0.86/day counting the hookup charges). By contrast, the benchmark house would require $3.56/day, including hookup charges (these costs are based on a 2006 residential rates of $0.07/kWh and solar buyback at $0.15/kWh). The solar fraction for this home located in Lenoir City, Tennessee, is predicted to be as high as 41%(accounting for both solar PV and the solar water heater). This all-electric home is predicted to use 25 kWh/day based on the one year of measured data used to calibrate a whole-building simulation model. Based on two years of measured data, the roof-mounted 2.2 kWp PV system is predicted to generate 7.5 kWh/day. The 2005 cost to commercially construct ZEH5, including builder profit and overhead, is estimated at about $150,000. This cost - for ZEH5's panelized construction, premanufactured utility wall (ZEHcor), foundation geothermal system, and the addition of the walkout lower level, and considering the falling cost for PV - suggests that the construction cost per ft2 for a ZEH5 two-story will be even more cost-competitive. The 2005 construction cost estimate for a finished-out ZEH5 with 2632 ft2 is $222,000 or $85/ft2. The intention of this report is to help builders and homeowners make the decision to build zero-energy-ready homes. Detailed drawings, specifications, and lessons learned in the construction and analysis of data from about 100 sensors monitoring thermal performance for a one-year period are presented. This information should be specifically useful to those considering structural insulated panel walls and roof, foundation geothermal space heating and cooling, solar water heater and roof-mounted, photovoltaic, grid-tied systems.