The Climate Change Levy package is the second biggest element in the UK Climate Change Programme, and savings appear to have been significant; but were strongly front-end loaded and have eased off since soon after its introduction. The Levy will reduce annual UK CO2 emissions by 12.8 million tonnes by 2010. But these savings have come mainly from the effect its announcement had on raising awareness of the potential for energy savings, and most of these savings were the result of actions taken before the tax actually came into operation. The Levy itself has had relatively little effect on business emissions, especially in the case of SMEs and large but non-energy intensive organisations. The Government believes that Climate Change Agreements (CCAs) will reduce annual CO2 emissions by an additional 7 million tonnes by 2010. Complying with CCAs has galvanised business interest in finding energy savings, and that key to this has been the incentive of the tax discount they offer. The exemptions on the Climate Change Levy for 'green electricity' and combined heat and power have had minimal effect on the construction of new renewables and CHP capacity, essentially because they are worth too little money. The CCL package does not impose a damaging economic burden on UK business overall, and is encouraging greater resource productivity and stimulating energy efficient industries. The CCL has not worked quite as expected. Instead of rationally seeking to reduce their costs through increased energy efficiency, businesses appear to have needed an extra stimulus to change their approach to energy use. This has profound implications for climate change policy more widely. If even large companies require additional policies to drive behavioural change, this must be all the more true for small businesses, public bodies, and private households.