Tells the history of Civil War forts and other defenses in the Washington, DC area. This study provides historical information to improve and enhance interpretation of the parks and historic resources and provides a historical framework fro future preservation efforts. A great deal of new information pertaining to the relationship of minorities to the Defenses of Washington was discovered. The role of U.S. Colored Troops in construction and defense of the fortifications is better understood. In addition, much new information is available on the work of Freedmen and women in the Defenses of Washington. Finally, the association of African Americans with the former fortifications after the Civil War is better known. Furthermore, much information relating to the day-to-day construction and maintenance activity within the Defenses of Washington during the Civil War was also uncovered. Teachers, students, historians, and others interested in the American Civil War history, particularly in the Washington, DC area would enjoy this publication. Related products: American Civil War resources collection can be found here: https: //bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/us-military-history/wars-conflicts/ame...