A Spatiotemporal Modeling Study Of A Gnrh Neuron
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| Author | : Xingjiang Jason Chen |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 94 |
| Release | : 2014 |
| Genre | : Intracellular calcium |
| ISBN | : |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are hypothalamic neurons that control the pulsatile release of GnRH, which in turn governs fertility and reproduction in mammals. Although the mechanisms underlying the pulsatile release of GnRH are not well understood, it has been suggested that the bursting behavior of electrical activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics in GnRH neurons could play important roles in GnRH secretion. Previous studies have shown that some of the mechanisms for controlling electrical bursting are located in the soma of the GnRH neuron. Furthermore, GnRH neuron projections have the properties of both dendrites (which receive synaptic inputs from other neurons) and axons (which are the site of action potential initiation and propagate action potentials to the synaptic terminal). These observations raise two important questions: How can electrical bursting be controlled when it is initiated at a site located some distance (often more than 100 mm) from the controlling mechanisms? More specifically, how do the soma and the site of action potential initiation interact to control the electrical bursting? How does stochastic synaptic input along the dendrite affect the initiation and propagation of action potentials? We constructed a spatiotemporal mathematical model of a GnRH neuron that includes both the soma and the dendrite. The most important new parameter introduced in this model, the electrical diffusion coefficient, was determined by fitting to experimental data. The model shows that a large diffusion coefficient provides a mechanism for regulating bursting behavior through interactions of the soma and the site of action potential initiation. In order to study the function of synaptic input along the dendrite, we extended our spatiotemporal model by adding stochastic synaptic input. We demonstrated that synaptic input along the dendrite is not a likely mechanism for controlling action potential propagation in the dendrite or GnRH secretion. We thus investigated other possible ways in which extrinsic input could modify Ca2+ release at the synaptic terminal, focusing in particular on the possible role of kisspeptin. We concluded that the inherent synergies in the various actions of kisspeptin make it a likely candidate for the precise control of Ca2+ transients at the synaptic terminal, and hence a possible candidate for the control of long-period GnRH secretion.
| Author | : Allan E. Herbison |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 712 |
| Release | : 2018-02-19 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 1119233267 |
The GnRH Neuron and its Control examines the developmental biology of GnRH neurons including their birth in the nasal placode of the early embryo, perinatal programming, and sexual differentiation, in addition to the hypothalamic mechanisms that control GnRH neurons in adulthood to generate pulsatile and surge modes of GnRH secretion throughout the major life stages including aging. The morphology, electrophysiology, signal transduction pathways, transcriptional regulators, and genomics underlying function of the adult GnRH neuron is discussed in detail, as is the neuroendocrinology and cell biology governing the generation of both modes of GnRH release. The book also reviews the neurobiological mechanisms and circuitry responsible for the modulation of the activity of GnRH neurons by season, stress, nutrition, and metabolism, and covers the current and potential therapeutic approaches to regulating GnRH secretion and action. Filled with newly identified research and classical fundamental knowledge to GnRH biology, it will provide students, researchers, and practitioners with an in-depth understanding of reproductive neuroendocrinology. This is the fifth volume in the Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology Series, a co- publication between Wiley and the INF (International Neuroendocrine Federation) that aims to illustrate highest standards and encourage the use of the latest technologies in basic and clinical research and hopes to provide inspiration for further exploration into the exciting field of neuroendocrinology.
| Author | : Maria G. Castro |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 294 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1461516331 |
The dramatic recent expansion in genomic information has motivated the development of new approaches to characterize gene expression and function. A critical issue for both basic and clinical endocrinologists is the physiological role of genes involved in regulating endocrine functions. Transgenic technologies allow the translation of genotypic information into specific phenotypes by using gene overexpression or loss of specific gene functions. Murine functional genomics is thus of central importance in modem biomedical endocrine research. Although mice are at present, the preferred mammalian species for genetic manipulations because of the availability of pluripotent embryonic. stem cells and inbred strains and the relatively low breeding and maintenance costs, transgenic rats have also been generated and used to study endocrine physiology. The two basic techniques used in the creation of transgenic animal models are integration of foreign DNA into a fertilized oocyte by random chromosomal insertion and homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells that are then introduced into zygotes. Transgenic mice and rats serve as sophisticted tools to probe protein function, as models of human disease, and as hosts for the testing of gene replacement and other therapies. Embryonic stem cell libraries for mouse gene deletion are being developed, which will make it possible to generate knockout mice rapidly and without the need to analyze gene structure, construct targeting vectors, and screen embryonic stem cell clones. A novel approach to transgenesis for the expression of DNA within adult differentiated neuroendocrine cells in vivo is using viral vectors.
| Author | : Duncan J. MacGregor |
| Publisher | : John Wiley & Sons |
| Total Pages | : 344 |
| Release | : 2016-03-03 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 111915944X |
Neuroendocrinology with its well defined functions, inputs, and outputs, is one of the most fertile grounds for computational modeling in neuroscience. But modeling is often seen as something of a dark art. This book aims to display the power of modeling approaches in neuroendocrinology, and to showcase its potential for understanding these complex systems. A recurring theme in neuroendocrinology is rhythms. How are rhythms generated, and what purpose do they serve? Are these two questions inextricably intertwined? This book is written for innocents, presuming no math beyond high school or computing beyond calculators. It seeks to lead the curious into the thinking of the modeler, providing the tools to the reader to understand models, and even develop their own, giving life to paper diagrams. The diverse chapters, from ion channels to networks, systems, and hormonal rhythms, each tell the story of a model serving to join the hard won dots of experimentation, mapping a new understanding, and revealing hidden knowledge. • Written by a team of internationally renowned researchers • Both print and enhanced e-book versions are available • Illustrated in full colour throughout This is the fourth volume in a new Series ‘Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology’ , a co- publication between Wiley and the INF (International Neuroendocrine Federation) that aims to illustrate highest standards and encourage the use of the latest technologies in basic and clinical research and hopes to provide inspiration for further exploration into the exciting field of neuroendocrinology. Series Editors: John A. Russell, University of Edinburgh, UK and William E. Armstrong, The University of Tennessee, USA • Written by a team of internationally renowned researchers • Both print and enhanced e-book versions are available • Illustrated in full colour throughout This is the fourth volume in a new Series ‘Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology’ , a co- publication between Wiley and the INF (International Neuroendocrine Federation) that aims to illustrate highest standards and encourage the use of the latest technologies in basic and clinical research and hopes to provide inspiration for further exploration into the exciting field of neuroendocrinology. Series Editors: John A. Russell, University of Edinburgh, UK and William E. Armstrong, The University of Tennessee, USA
| Author | : GERHARD. SCHLOSSER |
| Publisher | : CRC Press |
| Total Pages | : 752 |
| Release | : 2021-04-29 |
| Genre | : |
| ISBN | : 9780367748531 |
Most of the cranial sense organs of vertebrates arise from embryonic structures known as cranial placodes. Such placodes also give rise to sensory neurons that transmit information to the brain as well as to many neurosecretory cells. This book focuses on the development of sensory and neurosecretory cell types from cranial placodes by introducing the vertebrate head with its sense organs and neurosecretory organs and providing an overview of the various cranial placodes and their derivatives, including evidence of common embryonic primordia. Schlosser discusses how these primordia are established in the early embryo and how individual placodes develop. The latter chapters explain how various placodally derived sensory and neurosecretory cell types differentiate into discrete structures.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : ScholarlyEditions |
| Total Pages | : 46 |
| Release | : 2012-12-26 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1481624504 |
Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyPaper™ that delivers timely, authoritative, and intensively focused information about Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules in a compact format. The editors have built Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
| Author | : Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre |
| Publisher | : Academic Press |
| Total Pages | : 486 |
| Release | : 2021-02-19 |
| Genre | : Science |
| ISBN | : 012819801X |
Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease, Second Edition, describes the underlying basis of endocrine function, providing an important tool to understand the fundamentals of endocrine diseases. Delivering a comprehensive review of the basic science of endocrinology, from cell biology to human disease, this work explores and dissects the function of a number of cellular systems. The new edition provides an understanding of how endocrine glands function by integrating information resulting in biological effects on both local and systemic levels, also providing new information on the molecular physiopathogenesis of endocrine neoplasic cells. The new edition expands the most used chapters from the first edition and proposes a series of substitutions and additions to the table of contents. New chapters cover signaling, brown adipose tissue, hypothalamic cell models, cellular basis of insulin resistance, genetics and epigenetics of neuroendocrine tumors, and a series of chapters on endocrine-related cancer. Providing content that crosses disciplines, Cellular Endocrinology in Health and Disease, Second Edition, details how cellular endocrine function contributes to system physiology and mediates endocrine disorders. A methods section proves novel and useful approaches across research focus that will be attractive to medical students, residents, and specialists in the field of endocrinology, as well as to those interested in cellular regulation. Editors Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre and Ya-Xiong Tao, experts in molecular and cellular aspects of endocrinology, deliver contributions carefully selected for relevance, impact, and clarity of expression from leading field experts Explores endocrine cells biology in normal and pathologic conditions Covers new aspects of endocrine cell function in distinct tissues Provides a view into the biological effect in local and systemic levels 15 new chapters covering the recent developments in the field
| Author | : Shlomo Melmed, MBChB, MACP |
| Publisher | : Elsevier Health Sciences |
| Total Pages | : 1944 |
| Release | : 2015-11-30 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0323297382 |
For more than 65 years, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology has been the gold standard in the field, delivering authoritative guidance on every aspect of adult and pediatric endocrine system disorders. The 13th Edition has been thoroughly updated by Drs. Shlomo Melmed, Kenneth S. Polonsky, P. Reed Larsen, and Henry M. Kronenberg, to bring you state-of-the-art coverage of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, thyroid disease, testicular disorders, and much more, all designed to help you provide optimal care to every patient. Bridging the gap between basic science and clinical information, it is an essential, relevant resource for endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, gynecologists, internists, and pediatricians - any clinician who needs the most reliable coverage available on the diverse features across the spectrum of endocrine disease. Obtain a better understanding of both scientific insight and clinical data from the classic reference that delivers the current information you need in a highly illustrated, user-friendly format. Stay up to date with expanded discussions of autoimmune thyroid diseases, mechanisms, and the appropriate treatment of the ophthalmopathy of Graves' disease; a new section on the interpretation of fine needle aspiration results in patients with thyroid nodules; and new coverage of when and when not to use radioiodine in the treatment of patients with thyroid cancer. Update your knowledge and skills with all-new chapters on Genetics of Endocrine Disease, Endocrinology of Population Health, and Laboratory Techniques for Recognition of Endocrine Disorders. Confidently manage any clinical endocrinopathy you may encounter thanks to new information on recent FDA-approved drugs for pituitary disorders, a new focus on pediatrics, and new content on diabetes, obesity, and appetite control. Benefit from the expertise of dynamic new contributors who offer fresh perspectives throughout.
| Author | : |
| Publisher | : |
| Total Pages | : 1876 |
| Release | : 2004 |
| Genre | : Medicine |
| ISBN | : |
Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
| Author | : M.A. Steiner |
| Publisher | : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers |
| Total Pages | : 165 |
| Release | : 2021-05-28 |
| Genre | : Health & Fitness |
| ISBN | : 3318068446 |
The orexin system, discovered in 1998, has emerged as a crucial player in regulating the sleep and wake balance inside our brain. This discovery has sparked a burst of novel and dynamic research on the physiology and pathology of sleep. The Orexin System: Basic Science and Role in Sleep Pathology honors this research and the authors share their ideas and perspectives on the novel developments within the field. The book examines the intricate role of the orexin system in regulating sleep and wake, and its interaction with other wake-regulating systems. The orexin system is dissected at the cellular and molecular level to explore the diversity of the orexin-producing neurons, their projections, and their signaling pathways. Additionally, the book discusses the diseases which are associated with a dysfunctional orexin system, such as narcolepsy, insomnia, substance abuse, and Alzheimer’s disease, and explores the new potential therapeutic applications derived from the burst of research around this fascinating system. This publication is essential reading for neurobiologists, neurologists, psychopharmacologists, sleep researchers, and other researchers and clinical scientists interested in sleep, sleep research, insomnia, and medicine in general.
