A Journey through Philosophy in 101 Anecdotes

A Journey through Philosophy in 101 Anecdotes
Author: Nicholas Rescher
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Press
Total Pages: 257
Release: 2015-05-19
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0822980444

Nicholas Rescher presents the first comprehensive chronology of philosophical anecdotes, spanning from antiquity to the current era. He introduces us to the major thinkers, texts, and historical periods of Western philosophy, recounting many of the stories philosophers have used over time to engage with issues of philosophical concern: questions of meaning, truth, knowledge, value, action, and ethics. Rescher's anecdotes touch on a wide range of themes—from logic to epistemology, ethics to metaphysics—and offer much insight into the breadth and depth of philosophical inquiry. This book illustrates the various ways philosophers throughout history have viewed the issues in their field, and how anecdotes can work to inform and encourage philosophical thought.

Ignorance

Ignorance
Author: Nicholas Rescher
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Total Pages: 187
Release: 2009-02-28
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0822973510

Historically, there has been great deliberation about the limits of human knowledge. Isaac Newton, recognizing his own shortcomings, once described himself as "a boy standing on the seashore . . . whilst the great ocean of truth lay all underscored before me."In Ignorance, Nicholas Rescher presents a broad-ranging study that examines the manifestations, consequences, and occasional benefits of ignorance in areas of philosophy, scientific endeavor, and ordinary life. Citing philosophers, theologians, and scientists from Socrates to Steven Hawking, Rescher seeks to uncover the factors that hinder our cognition. Rescher categorizes ignorance as ontologically grounded (rooted in acts of nature-erasure, chaos, and chance-that prevent fact determination), or epistemically grounded (the inadequacy of our information-securing resources). He then defines the basis of ignorance: inaccessible data; statistical fogs; secreted information; past data that have left no trace; future discoveries; future contingencies; vagrant predicates; and superior intelligences. Such impediments set limits to inquiry and mean that while we can always extend our existing knowledge-variability here is infinite-there are things that we will never know.Cognitive finitude also hinders our ability to assimilate more than a certain number of facts. We may acquire additional information, but lack the facility to interpret it. More information does not always increase knowledge; it may point us further down the path toward an erroneous conclusion. In light of these deficiencies, Rescher looks to the role of computers in solving problems and expanding our knowledge base, but finds limits to their reasoning capacity. As Rescher's comprehensive study concludes, ignorance itself is a fertile topic for knowledge, and recognizing the boundaries of our comprehension is where wisdom begins.

Process Philosophy

Process Philosophy
Author: Nicholas Rescher
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Total Pages: 153
Release: 2012-01-11
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0822973936

Process Philosophy surveys the basic issues and controversies surrounding the philosophical approach known as "process philosophy." Process philosophy views temporality, activity, and change as the cardinal factors for our understanding of the real—process has priority over product, both ontologically and epistemically. Rescher examines the movement’s historical origins, reflecting a major line of thought in the work of such philosophers as Heracleitus, Leibniz, Bergson, Peirce, William James, and especially A. N. Whitehead. Reacting against the tendency to associate process philosophy too closely with this last-named thinker, Rescher writes, “Indeed, one cardinal task for the partisans of process at this particular juncture of philosophical history is to prevent the idea of 'process philosophy' from being marginalized through a limitation of its bearing to the work and influence of any one single individual or group.” This book will appeal to both students and professors of philosophy. Those teachers who have not been trained in process philosophy will welcome this new text by one one of North America’s foremost philosophers as a perspicuous and informative introduction.

Plato and a Platypus Walk into a Bar . . .

Plato and a Platypus Walk into a Bar . . .
Author: Thomas Cathcart
Publisher: Penguin
Total Pages: 224
Release: 2008-06-24
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1440634238

This New York Times bestseller is the hilarious philosophy course everyone wishes they’d had in school. Outrageously funny, Plato and a Platypus Walk into a Bar... has been a breakout bestseller ever since authors—and born vaudevillians—Thomas Cathcart and Daniel Klein did their schtick on NPR’s Weekend Edition. Lively, original, and powerfully informative, Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar... is a not-so-reverent crash course through the great philosophical thinkers and traditions, from Existentialism (What do Hegel and Bette Midler have in common?) to Logic (Sherlock Holmes never deduced anything). Philosophy 101 for those who like to take the heavy stuff lightly, this is a joy to read—and finally, it all makes sense! And now, you can read Daniel Klein's further musings on life and philosophy in Travels with Epicurus and Every Time I Find the Meaning of Life, They Change it.

Cognitive Harmony

Cognitive Harmony
Author: Nicholas Rescher
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Total Pages: 131
Release: 2010-06-15
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0822970902

This novel approach to epistemological discourse explains the complex but crucial role that systematization plays-not just for the organization of what we know, but also for its validation. Cognitive Harmony argues for a new conception of the process philosophers generally call induction. Relying on the root definition of harmony, a coherent unification of component parts (systemic integrity) in such a way that the final object can successfully accomplish what it was meant to do (evaluative positivity), Rescher discusses the role of harmony in cognitive contexts, the history of cognitive harmony, and the various features it has in producing human knowledge. The book ends on the issue of philosophy and the sort of harmony required of philosophical systems.

Cognitive Pragmatism

Cognitive Pragmatism
Author: Nicholas Rescher
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Total Pages: 265
Release: 2017-03-13
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0822970589

In Cognitive Pragmatism, Nicholas Rescher tackles the major questions of philosophical inquiry, pondering the nature of truth and existence. In the authoritative voice and calculated manner that we've come to expect from this distinguished philosopher, Rescher argues that the development of knowledge is a practice, pursued by humans because we have a need for its products. This pragmatic approach satisfies our innate urge as humans to make sense of our surroundings.Taking his discussion down to the level of particular details, and addressing such topics as inductive validation, hypostatization fallacies, and counterfactual reasoning, Rescher abandons abstract generalities in favor of concrete specifics. For example, philosophers usually insist that to reason logically from a counterfactual, we must imagine a possible world in which the statement is fact. But Rescher argues that there's no need to attempt to accept the facts of a world outside our cognition in order to reason from them. He shows us how we can use our own natural system of prioritizing, our own understanding of the fundamental, to resolve the inconsistencies in such statements as, "If the Eiffel Tower were in Manhattan, then it would be in New York State." In using dozens of real-world examples such as these, and in arguing in his characteristically succinct style, Rescher casts light on a wide variety of concrete issues in the classical theory of knowledge, and reassures us along the way that the inherent limitations on our knowledge are no cause for distress. In pragmatic theory and inquiry, we must accept that the best we can do is good enough, because we only have a certain (albeit large) set of tools and conceptualizations available to us.A unique synthesis, this endeavor into pragmatic epistemology will be of interest to scholars and students of philosophy and cognitive science.

Luck

Luck
Author: Nicholas Rescher
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Total Pages: 250
Release: 2001-03-15
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0822972271

Luck touches us all. "Why me?" we complain when things go wrong—though seldom when things go right. But although luck has a firm hold on all our lives, we seldom reflect on it in a cogent, concerted way. In Luck, one of our most eminent philosophers offers a realistic view of the nature and operation of luck to help us come to sensible terms with life in a chaotic world. Differentiating luck from fate (inexorable destiny) and fortune (mere chance), Nicholas Rescher weaves a colorful tapestry of historical examples, from the use of lots in the Old and New Testaments to Thomas Gataker’s treatise of 1619 on the great English lottery of 1612, from casino gambling to playing the stock market. Because we are creatures of limited knowledge who do and must make decisions in the light of incomplete information, Rescher argues, we are inevitably at the mercy of luck. It behooves us to learn more about it.

Realism And Pragmatic Epistemology

Realism And Pragmatic Epistemology
Author: Nicholas Rescher
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Total Pages: 141
Release: 2014-02-06
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 0822970937

An examination of philosophical realism from the standpoint of pragmatic epistemology, Realism and Pragmatic Epistemology addresses the core idea of Rescher's work in epistemology: that functional and pragmatic concerns exert a controlling influence on the conduct of rational inquiry and on the ways in which we can and should regard its products.Pragmatism is widely regarded as a philosophical approach that stands at odds with realism, but Rescher takes a very different approach. He views pragmatism as a realistic position that can be developed from a pragmatic point of view, and utilizes a number of case studies to augment his position. Throughout, he shows how the pragmatic and purposive setting of our putative knowledge of the real world proves to be crucial for the constituting and also for the constitution of our knowledge.

GOOD DIGITAL CITIZEN

GOOD DIGITAL CITIZEN
Author: Kori Kastell
Publisher: Archway Publishing
Total Pages: 128
Release: 2024-10-28
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 166576578X

In a world where it takes just seconds (or nanoseconds) to connect, contact, communicate, and comment in our shared online community, what will you show the world? In the 86,400 seconds that make up your day, what contributions will you make to the online global forum? Will your online interactions yield positive outcomes? Will they promote digital peace or digital peril? In Good Digital Citizen: Everyday Ethics for an Intentional Digital Existence, Kori Kastell navigates the complex landscape of our increasingly digital world, offering a thoughtful exploration of the ethical challenges and opportunities that come with technological advancements. As we stand at the dawn of the Fifth Industrial Revolution, where human strengths are expected to harmonize with innovations like AI and IoT, this book serves as a crucial guide for navigating the digital age with integrity and intention. Drawing on historical and philosophical insights, the author explores how principles from ancient up to present-day thinkers can help us address these modern ethical dilemmas. Good Digital Citizen provides practical steps for managing information overload, setting boundaries for digital engagement, and maintaining emotional well-being through practices like “Stoic scrolling.” Kastell emphasizes the importance of truth and integrity in online interactions, urging readers to fact-check information and engage in empathetic communication, and highlights the need for heightened awareness and transparency around data privacy and user rights to promote greater digital justice. By embracing everyday ethics and striving for digital peace, we can create a more just, connected, and harmonious world as we move into the Fifth Industrial Revolution. The mission is yours, Digital Citizen, if you choose to accept it.

Method, Intuition, and Meditation in Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy

Method, Intuition, and Meditation in Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy
Author: Stanley Tweyman
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Total Pages: 172
Release: 2023-07-07
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 1527515060

This book deals with Descartes’ efforts in his Meditations to discover the first principles of human knowledge, that is, what must be known before anything else can be known. In order for these principles to be first principles, they cannot be conclusions obtained through deductive reasoning. Further, Descartes insists that these first principles cannot be known through the senses, but only through intuition or meditation, our only cognitive faculties for grasping self-evident first principles. This book provides Descartes’ reasons for rejecting the senses as the source of these first principles, and offers textual support for the role of intuition and meditation in apprehending the first principles of human knowledge. Although the bulk of the book is largely exegetical in nature, the last chapter proceeds more critically to show the failures of Descartes’ approach.