70 Years Of Levothyroxine
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| Author | : George J. Kahaly |
| Publisher | : Springer Nature |
| Total Pages | : 141 |
| Release | : 2021-03-11 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3030632776 |
This open access book presents the history, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levothyroxine, discussing its role in the thyroid pathophysiology of patients of various ages and during pregnancy. It also describes the influence of levothyroxine on heart, bone and in cancer. When it was first synthesized in 1949, levothyroxine represented a significant advance in the treatment of hypothyroidism, providing a safe and effective treatment option for millions of hypothyroid patients around the globe. This synthetic form of thyroxine is now one of the most prescribed drugs in the world. Levothyroxine was first introduced by Merck KGaA,Darmstadt, Germany, in 1972, and since then the company has remained actively engaged in research on this mainstay of hypothyroidism treatment. This book is intended for healthcare professionals.
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 135 |
| Release | : 2003-09-01 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 0309088852 |
When the Medicare program was established in 1965, it was viewed as a form of financial protection for the elderly against catastrophic medical expenses, primarily those related to hospitalization for unexpected illnesses. The first expansions to the program increased the eligible population from the retired to the disabled and to persons receiving chronic renal dialysis. It was not until 1980 that an expansion of services beyond those required "for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member" was included in Medicare. These services, known as preventive services, are intended either to prevent disease (by vaccination) or to detect disease (by diagnostic test) before the symptoms of illness appear. A Committee was formed "to conduct a study on the addition of coverage of routine thyroid screening using a thyroid stimulating hormone test as a preventive benefit provided to Medicare beneficiaries under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act for some or all Medicare beneficiaries."
| Author | : Georg Hennemann |
| Publisher | : Marcel Dekker |
| Total Pages | : 656 |
| Release | : 1986 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : |
| Author | : Gianni Ciofani |
| Publisher | : William Andrew |
| Total Pages | : 248 |
| Release | : 2016-04-26 |
| Genre | : Technology & Engineering |
| ISBN | : 0323389600 |
Boron Nitride Nanotubes in Nanomedicine compiles, for the first time in a single volume, all the information needed by researchers interested in this promising type of smart nanoparticles and their applications in biomedicine. Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) represent an innovative and extremely intriguing class of nanomaterials. After introducing BNNTs and explaining their preparation and evaluation, the book shows how the physical, chemical, piezoelectric and biocompatibility properties of these nanotubes give rise to their potential uses in biomedicine. Evidence is offered (from both in vitro and in vivo investigations) for how BNNTs can be useful in biomedical and nanomedicine applications such as therapeutic applications, tissue regeneration, nanovectors for drug delivery, and intracellular nanotransducers. - Covers a range of promising biomedical BNNT applications - Provides great value not just to academics but also industry researchers in fields such as materials science, molecular biology, pharmacology, biomedical engineering, and biophysical sciences - Offers evidence for how BNNTs can be useful in biomedical and nanomedicine applications such as therapy, tissue regeneration, nanovectors for drug delivery, and intracellular nanotransducers - Incorporates, for the first time in a single volume, all the information needed by researchers interested in this promising type of smart nanoparticles and their applications in biomedicine
| Author | : Institute of Medicine |
| Publisher | : National Academies Press |
| Total Pages | : 804 |
| Release | : 2002-07-19 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9780309072793 |
This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient. Based on the Institute of Medicine's review of the scientific literature regarding dietary micronutrients, recommendations have been formulated regarding vitamins A and K, iron, iodine, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and other potentially beneficial trace elements such as boron to determine the roles, if any, they play in health. The book also: Reviews selected components of food that may influence the bioavailability of these compounds. Develops estimates of dietary intake of these compounds that are compatible with good nutrition throughout the life span and that may decrease risk of chronic disease where data indicate they play a role. Determines Tolerable Upper Intake levels for each nutrient reviewed where adequate scientific data are available in specific population subgroups. Identifies research needed to improve knowledge of the role of these micronutrients in human health. This book will be important to professionals in nutrition research and education.
| Author | : A. Pinchera |
| Publisher | : Springer Science & Business Media |
| Total Pages | : 579 |
| Release | : 2012-12-06 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 146130945X |
In 1956, three groups independently reported evidence that some thyroid disease appearing spontaneously in humans or experimentally induced in animals are related to autoimmune processes. The interval between these landmark discoveries and the present has witnessed a remarkable and continuing growth of both knowledge and concepts concerning the mechanisms of immune regulation, the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, and their clinical and laboratory manifestations. More importantly knowledge of thyroid autoimmunity has, in many respects, comprised the vanguard of an ever increasing appreciation and understanding of autoimmune diseases in general. On November 24-26 1986, an International Symposium on Thyroid Autoimmunity was held in Pisa. Its purpose was to commemorate the birth of thyroid autoimmunity as a scientific discipline, to summarize current knowledge and concepts in this area, and where possible, to anticipate areas of opportunity for the future - hence the theme of the Symposium, Memories and Perspectives. To open the meeting, the Magnifico Rettore (Chancellor) of the University of Pisa granted special Awards to Dr. Deborah Doniach, Dr. Ivan Roitt, and Dr. Noel R. Rose, who published the first fundamental studies in the field of thyroid autoimmunity, and to Dr. Duncan G. Adams, whose discovery of the long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) opened the door to our current understanding of the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. During the meeting thirty plenary lectures were presented.
| Author | : Syed Khalid Imam |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 327 |
| Release | : 2016-03-22 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 3319258710 |
This book provides comprehensive knowledge about thyroid gland and highlights the recent trends in the management of thyroid dysfunctions. Thyroid disorders are amongst the most prevalent of medical conditions possibly after diabetes. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in adults in the general population ranges from 1 to 10 percent, and is even higher in selected groups. In the United Kingdom, 1–2% of the adult population is found to have thyroid dysfunction. It is interesting to note that thyroxin is the sixth most commonly dispensed drug in Scotland. Virtually all studies report higher prevalence rates for hypothyroidism in women and with advancing age. Abnormal thyroid functions have important public health consequences. Suppressed TSH levels have been associated with decreased bone density and with an increased risk of atrial fibrillation and premature atrial beat. It has been known for decades that overt hypothyroidism contributes to elevated serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular risk and recent studies suggest this may also be true with subclinical hypothyroidism​.
| Author | : Paolo Vitti |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 770 |
| Release | : 2018-09-09 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 9783319450124 |
This book presents the latest advances in knowledge of the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases and describes the state of the art in their diagnosis and treatment, including newly emerging management approaches. After an opening section that addresses thyroid physiology and laboratory evaluation, each of the major thyroid diseases and their subtypes is discussed, covering goiter and thyroid nodule, thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis, and thyroid carcinoma. Other conditions that affect thyroid function or induce thyroid dysfunction are also considered, e.g., pregnancy, non-thyroidal disorders, and medication use. The book is designed to assist practitioners to achieve optimal outcomes in clinical routine by providing clear guidance on clinical examination, the use of diagnostic tests, first- and second-line therapies, and follow-up. Chapter have been written by recognized experts in the field.
| Author | : Jennifer L. Eaton |
| Publisher | : Springer |
| Total Pages | : 199 |
| Release | : 2018-10-31 |
| Genre | : Health & Fitness |
| ISBN | : 3319990799 |
This book is a practical, evidence-based resource covering thyroid disease and its effects on reproduction and fertility, discussing thyroid function and dysfunction - hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules and cancer - during pregnancy as well as its effects on the fetus. It begins with a review of the anatomy and function of the thyroid and the biosynthesis and physiology of thyroid hormones, as well as the pathophysiology of thyroid dysfunction. The chapters that follow discuss thyroid function and dysfunction (e.g., hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) during pregnancy and its effects on fertility as well as the developing fetus. The management of thyroid nodules and cancer, the role of thyroid dysfunction in infertility, the role of thyroid autoimmunity and miscarriage, and postpartum thyroiditis are presented in detail in the concluding chapters. Clinical cases and outcomes bookend each chapter, demonstrating current management strategies for a well-rounded presentation. Filling a clear gap in the literature usually covered only briefly in larger texts on the thyroid, Thyroid Disease and Reproduction: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis and Management is a unique resource for reproductive endocrinologists, obstetrician/gynecologists, and residents and students in these clinical areas.
| Author | : George M. Hall |
| Publisher | : Cambridge University Press |
| Total Pages | : 203 |
| Release | : 2010-04-01 |
| Genre | : Medical |
| ISBN | : 1139486128 |
Core Topics in Endocrinology in Anesthesia and Critical Care provides a comprehensive, practical overview of the perioperative management of patients with endocrine disorders, giving clear diagnostic advice and management guidelines. This book considers the management of patients with endocrine disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, including rarer disorders such as MEN syndrome. It then considers all aspects of the perioperative management of diabetic patients, including paediatric, obstetric and ambulatory patients. Finally it discusses endocrine disorders in the critically ill patient, covering such issues as the topical conundrum of glucose control and the management of diabetic metabolic acidosis, thyroid storm and myxoedema coma. Every chapter reviews the relevant anatomy and pathophysiology and the latest developments in defining the genetic causes are also considered where appropriate. Core Topics in Endocrinology in Anesthesia and Critical Care is an invaluable tool for all anaesthetists and intensivists in their daily clinical practice.
