Girard’s Doubt:

Girard’s Doubt:
Author: Mohammad Sadegh Najjarzadeha
Publisher: Verlag Traugott Bautz
Total Pages: 212
Release:
Genre: Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN: 3689119839

Die Mehrheit der Forschung zu Girards Theorien, wie „mimetisches Begehren“, „interne und externe Vermittlung“ und „Erwerbsrivalität“, geht im Allgemeinen davon aus, dass Girard den „Sündenbockmechanismus“ als eine Art Segen oder gesegnete Gewalt ansieht, die in den andauernden Erwerbsrivalitäten entwurzelt werden könnte und den Fluss der Gewalt behindert. Diese Studien sind nicht irrend, da Girard seine Theorien in Verbindung mit der Literatur in seinem Meisterwerk Deceit, Desire, and the Novel aufgegriffen, erklärt und erprobt hat. Jedoch glaube ich, dass diese Studien eine wesentliche Änderung in Girards Theorie übersehen haben, die ich als einen „nachträglichen Einfall“ in seiner Studie über den Sündenbockmechanismus bezeichnen würde. Girard modifiziert seine Theorie stillschweigend, indem er Zweifel an der „konstruktiven Funktion“ jedes Opfers nach der Kreuzigung Jesu Christi aufkommen lässt, sei es erzwungen oder freiwillig. Dieser „Anflug von Ungläubigkeit“ hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit des Sündenbockmechanismus wird sogar noch durch den Schweizer Theologen Raymund Schwager in seinem Hauptwerk Muss es Sündenböcke geben? unterstützt. Ich wage es, diesen gleichen Hauch von Ungläubigkeit „Girards Zweifel“ zu nennen und beabsichtige, diesen in ausgewählten Werken der Appalachenliteratur aus den 1920er bis 1970er Jahren zu untersuchen. Diese Studie untersucht die Effizienz des „Sündenbockmechanismus“ in sechs Romanen von drei Autoren aus dem amerikanischen Süden: William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor und Cormac McCarthy. Die Arbeit beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Geographie, Geschichte und Literatur des Südens. Darauf folgt ein Überblick über Girards Ideologie und Methoden. Im ersten Kapitel konzentriere ich mich auf die Beziehung zwischen dem Sündenbockmechanismus – in Form von Opfermord – und Afroamerikanern, indem ich Faulkners The Sound and the Fury und Sanctuary untersuche. Im zweiten Kapitel analysiere ich O’Connors Wise Blood und The Violent Bear It Away, um zu untersuchen, ob die Vorstellung von gewalttätiger Gnade oder soteriologischem Opfer notwendigerweise zu Glückseligkeit führen würde. Für das letzte Kapitel habe ich McCarthys Outer Dark und Child of God ausgewählt, um den bürgerlichen strafrechtlichen Sündenbockmechanismus zu untersuchen, der von der Gesellschaft entwickelt wurde, um den Fluss der Gewalt zu kontrollieren. The prevailing scholarship on René Girard’s theories—such as “mimetic desire,” “internal and external mediation,” and “acquisitive rivalry”—largely interprets his concept of the “scapegoat mechanism” as a kind of redemptive or sanctified violence capable of curbing the perpetuation of conflict. While these interpretations are not entirely misplaced, given that Girard originally presented and tested these ideas within the framework of Western literature in his seminal work Deceit, Desire, and the Novel, they tend to overlook a crucial revision in Girard’s thought. I propose that what I call Girard’s “afterthought” subtly revises his earlier theory by casting doubt on the “constructive function” of any form of sacrifice—be it coerced or voluntary—following the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This nuance is further reinforced by Swiss theologian Raymund Schwager, who accentuates this “tinge of incredulity” regarding the efficacy of the scapegoat mechanism in Must There Be Scapegoats? Thus, I venture to label this skepticism as “Girard’s Doubt,” and aim to explore its presence in selected Appalachian literature from the 1920s to the 1970s. This study scrutinizes the effectiveness of the scapegoat mechanism in six novels by three prominent Southern American authors: William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor, and Cormac McCarthy. It opens with an overview of the American South’s geography, history, and literary tradition, followed by a detailed exposition of Girard’s ideological framework and methodology. In the first chapter, I examine the role of the scapegoat mechanism, particularly in the form of sacrificial lynching, and its relationship to African Americans in Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury and Sanctuary. The second chapter delves into O’Connor’s Wise Blood and The Violent Bear It Away to determine whether the notion of violent grace or sacrificial salvation invariably leads to spiritual fulfillment. The final chapter focuses on McCarthy’s Outer Dark and Child of God, exploring the civic penal scapegoat mechanism employed by society as a means of controlling violence. Sadegh Najjarzadeha completed his doctoral dissertation in English Literature, with a specialized focus on American Studies, at Göttingen University, Germany. His scholarly work applies René Girard’s philosophical framework to the analysis of 20th-century Southern U.S. literature, culminating in the coining of the term “Girard’s Doubt”—a profound examination of the limitations of sacrifice in breaking the cycle of violence. His master’s thesis, titled The New Idol of Postmodern America, critically engages with the rise of consumerism, drawing on Zygmunt Bauman’s theories to interrogate postmodern American novels.

Popular Science

Popular Science
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 306
Release: 1955-11
Genre:
ISBN:

Popular Science gives our readers the information and tools to improve their technology and their world. The core belief that Popular Science and our readers share: The future is going to be better, and science and technology are the driving forces that will help make it better.

Popular Science

Popular Science
Author:
Publisher:
Total Pages: 282
Release: 1953-06
Genre:
ISBN:

Popular Science gives our readers the information and tools to improve their technology and their world. The core belief that Popular Science and our readers share: The future is going to be better, and science and technology are the driving forces that will help make it better.

Cool Cars

Cool Cars
Author:
Publisher: Penguin
Total Pages: 482
Release: 2014-04-01
Genre: Transportation
ISBN: 1465431640

Packed with more than a hundred completely charismatic classic cars, this book is the ideal gift for anyone driven to admire these majestic machines. Author Quentin Wilson has hand-picked the most astonishing, appealing, and all-round awesome cars ever to hit the highway. Multi-angle photography reveals the true craftsmanship and beauty of these stunning rides, and the text pays tribute to each vehicle and explains why it's destined to be a classic, now and forever. Test drive this essential car guide, and you'll be hooked.

William Faulkner

William Faulkner
Author: Nicolas Tredell
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Total Pages: 214
Release: 1999
Genre: Mississipi
ISBN: 9780231121897

At last available in a single volume: comprehensive overviews and concise analyses of the key critical texts and approaches to the most-studied works of literature. By assembling extracts from essays, reviews, and articles, the columbia critical guides provide students with ready access to the most important secondary writings on one or more texts by a given writer. each volume: -- Offers a balanced and nuanced approach to criticism, drawing on a wide array of British and American sources -- Explains criticism in terms of key approaches, allowing students to grasp the central issues for each work -- Is edited by a noted scholar who specializes in the writer or work in question -- Includes notes and a comprehensive bibliography and index. Now recognized as two of Faulkner's greatest novels, the sound and the fury (1929) and as i lay dying (1930) were commercial failures in the decade following their publication. By the end of the Second World War, however, the reputation of both novels had grown, and Faulkner's great fictional creation, Yoknapatawpha County, had become as much a part of America as any real area of the Mississippi landscape. This guide explores the wealth of critical material generated by these two exceptional works of modern fiction. From the initially mixed critical responses to the novels in the early 1930s, the guide follows the enormous growth of interest in Faulkner's work across six decades. New writings shaped by a range of critical theories are discussed, offering the reader a clear view of the place now given to one of America's most innovative and influential novelists.

My Grains of Sand

My Grains of Sand
Author: Kitt Foxx
Publisher: Xlibris Corporation
Total Pages: 168
Release: 2019-05-22
Genre: Biography & Autobiography
ISBN: 1796035211

This is the story of my upbringing in Georgia, the post-Depression days of the 1930–1950s, my school years, puberty, those problems with the bullies in school, learning how to fight, my teen years, problems with authority, learning how to make money legally and illegally, falling in love, marriage of twenty-five years, my first wife’s serious health problems, our children, why we moved to Arizona for my first wife’s survival, the story of my second marriage of forty-two years, and my second wife’s untimely death. This is a love story of the two women in my life and how we remained friends and family through it all.

Kustom Kemps of America

Kustom Kemps of America
Author: Jerry Titus
Publisher: Turner Publishing Company
Total Pages: 650
Release: 1993-01-01
Genre: Transportation
ISBN: 1681622858

(from the book) The year was 1978 and I was sitting in the back booth of the Pizza Hut in Mulvane, Kansas, splitting a deep pan with my good friend, Darryl Starbird. Our friendship was close, and I had always respected his opinion on just about anything to do with the automobile, and especially the “kustom” vehicle. Not only is Darryl a champ at building kustom creations, he is also one of the top auto show producers in the U.S. For some 21 years I had been in the shadow of this high-energy, often unbelievable, man helping him build cars and produce car shows–a schooling that isn’t available in any six-month course or college anywhere. I had cruised with him on the high roads, and crashed with him on the low shoulders. Believe me, auto show producing is not for the weak or conservative. But my interest was up, boosted by a recent writeup on ‘49-’51 Mercs, and front cover spread of a chopped ‘51 Mercury, by Street Rodder magazine, which at the time was predominantly a “pre-’48” street rod magazine. Someone shared an interest I felt I might be the[...]”