The U.S. Senate has been investigating case histories on the workings of the commodities markets, to ensure well-functioning markets with market-based prices, effective hedging tools, and safeguards against market manipulation, conflicts of interest, and excessive speculation. This is the report of an investigation of the recent rise of banks and bank holding companies as major players in the physical markets for commodities and related businesses. It presents case studies of three major U.S. bank holding companies, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, and Morgan Stanley, that over the last decade were the largest bank holding company participants in physical commodity activities. The report shows how the tradition of separating banks from commerce is eroding, and along with it, protections from risks and potentially abusive conduct. It also shows how the Federal Reserve has taken insufficient steps to address this problem. Tables and figures. This is a print on demand report.